1：Experimental Design and Method Selection:

The study utilized an annular laser beam based direct wire deposition head for controllable, simultaneous, and symmetrical heating of both the workpiece surface and the axially fed wire. A new process parameter, WIP, was introduced to characterize the energy input into the workpiece and wire.

2：Sample Selection and Data Sources:

A 99.6% pure nickel wire (Nickel 200) with a diameter of 0.6 mm was deposited on a 3.0 mm thick AISI 304 stainless steel workpiece.

3：6% pure nickel wire (Nickel 200) with a diameter of 6 mm was deposited on a 0 mm thick AISI 304 stainless steel workpiece. List of Experimental Equipment and Materials:

3. List of Experimental Equipment and Materials: The setup included a laser source, an annular laser beam cladding head, a wire feeding system, a workpiece positioning table, a shielding gas nozzle, and a process monitoring system. A 2.5 kW diode continuous laser was used.

4：5 kW diode continuous laser was used. Experimental Procedures and Operational Workflow:

4. Experimental Procedures and Operational Workflow: Single layer deposition experiments were performed using constant wire feeding velocity and scanning velocity, with laser power varied between 900 W and 2500 W. Three different WIP values were selected for the experiments.

5：Data Analysis Methods:

The geometry of the deposited layer was characterized by its width, height, and maximum penetration depth. Process stability was assessed based on the molten bond between the melt pool and the wire end.