1：Experimental Design and Method Selection:

The study utilized a large-area-compatible electrospray process to prepare CuAlO2/PANI films for use as hole transport layers in perovskite solar cells.

2：Sample Selection and Data Sources:

CuAlO2 nanoparticles were synthesized via a hydrothermal process, and PANI was synthesized through a chemical oxidative polymerization method.

3：List of Experimental Equipment and Materials:

Equipment included an autoclave for hydrothermal synthesis, an electrospray setup for film deposition, and characterization tools such as SEM, XRD, XPS, UV-vis spectroscopy, and PL spectroscopy.

4：Experimental Procedures and Operational Workflow:

The CuAlO2/PANI precursor was electrosprayed onto ITO glass substrates, followed by the deposition of perovskite layers and electrode materials to fabricate solar cells.

5：Data Analysis Methods:

The performance of the solar cells was evaluated through J-V characteristics under simulated solar irradiation, and material properties were analyzed using various spectroscopic and microscopic techniques.