1：Experimental Design and Method Selection:

The (Cdx-Zn1-x)S films were synthesized using the chemical bath deposition (CBD) technique. The deposition parameters such as bath temperature, deposition time, pH value, and the concentration of reactants were optimized.

2：Sample Selection and Data Sources:

Highly transparent glass (ITO) substrates were used for film deposition. The substrates were cleaned with hydrochloric acid, acetone, and double-distilled water before deposition.

3：List of Experimental Equipment and Materials:

The films were characterized using X’pert Multifunctional Powder X-ray Diffractometer (XRD), Shimadzu Make UV-1800 Spectrophotometer, SIGMA Field Emission Scanning Microscope (FESEM), and Keysight B2900 source meter for electrical resistivity measurements.

4：Experimental Procedures and Operational Workflow:

The films were deposited by dipping the substrates in a water bath at 60°C for 1h. The pH of the solution was maintained between

5：1h. The pH of the solution was maintained between 5 and Post-deposition, the films were rinsed with distilled water and dried. Data Analysis Methods:

8.5 and 11. Post-deposition, the films were rinsed with distilled water and dried. 5. Data Analysis Methods: The crystallite sizes were calculated using Scherrer’s formula. The band-gap values were estimated from Tauc’s plots. The optical constants were determined using the Envelope method.