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Lost and found sunquake in the 6 September 2011 flare caused by beam electrons

DOI:10.1051/0004-6361/201832896 期刊:Astronomy & Astrophysics 出版年份:2018 更新时间:2025-09-23 15:21:21
摘要: The active region NOAA 11283 produced two X-class ?ares on 6 and 7 September 2011 that have been well studied by many authors. The X2.1 class ?are occurred on September 6, 2011 and was associated with the ?rst of two homologous white light ?ares produced by this region, but no sunquake was found with it despite the one being detected in the second ?are of 7 September 2011. In this paper we present the ?rst observation of a sunquake for the 6 September 2011 ?are detected via statistical signi?cance analysis of egression power and veri?ed via directional holography and time–distance diagram. The surface wavefront exhibits directional preference in the north-west direction We interpret this sunquake and the associated ?are emission with a combination of a radiative hydrodynamic model of a ?aring atmosphere heated by electron beam and a hydrodynamic model of acoustic wave generation in the solar interior generated by a supersonic shock. The hydrodynamic model of the ?aring atmosphere produces a hydrodynamic shock travelling with supersonic velocities toward the photosphere and beneath. For the ?rst time we derive velocities (up to 140 km s?1) and onset time (about 50 s after ?are onset) of the shock deposition at given depths of the interior. The shock parameters are con?rmed by the radiative signatures in hard X-rays and white light emission observed from this ?are. The shock propagation in the interior beneath the ?are is found to generate acoustic waves elongated in the direction of shock propagation, that results in an anisotropic wavefront seen on the solar surface. Matching the detected seismic signatures on the solar surface with the acoustic wave front model derived for the simulated shock velocities, we infer that the shock has to be deposited under an angle of about 30? to the local solar vertical. Hence, the improved seismic detection technique combined with the double hydrodynamic model reported in this study opens new perspectives for observation and interpretation of seismic signatures in solar ?ares.
作者: Connor Macrae,Sergei Zharkov,Valentina Zharkova,Malcolm Druett,Sarah Matthews,Tomoko Kawate
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To present the ?rst observation of a sunquake for the 6 September 2011 ?are detected via statistical signi?cance analysis of egression power and veri?ed via directional holography and time–distance diagram, and to interpret this sunquake and the associated ?are emission with a combination of a radiative hydrodynamic model of a ?aring atmosphere heated by electron beam and a hydrodynamic model of acoustic wave generation in the solar interior generated by a supersonic shock.

The study successfully detects and interprets a sunquake in the 6 September 2011 ?are using a combination of statistical analysis of egression power, directional holography, and time–distance diagram. The hydrodynamic models provide a quantitative interpretation of the seismic signatures, linking them to the energy deposited by electron beams in the ?aring atmosphere and the subsequent generation of acoustic waves in the solar interior.

The study is limited by the temporal smearing intrinsic to helioseismic egression measurements and the need for improved automated detection techniques for seismic signatures.

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