1：Experimental Design and Method Selection:

Porous ZnO nanoplates with vacancy defects were synthesized by annealing ZnS(en)

2：5 precursor in air at different temperatures. The defect amount in ZnO was tailored by changing the annealing temperature. Sample Selection and Data Sources:

ZnS(en)

3：5 precursor was synthesized via a solvothermal route. List of Experimental Equipment and Materials:

Zinc powder, ethylenediamine, sulfur powder, absolute ethanol, and pure water were used. Equipment included a Diamond TG/DTA thermal analyzer, Perkin Elmer spectrometer, Bruker D8 focus diffractometer, Hitachi S4800 FESEM, Tecnai G2 F20 U-TWIN TEM, Micromeritics TriStar II 3020, Lambda 750 UV/Vis/NIR spectrophotometer, ESCALAB 250Xi X-ray photoelectron spectrometer, Renishaw inVia plus Raman spectrometer, FLS920 spectrometer, Zahner electrochemical station, CHI 660D electrochemical station, and Agilent 7890A gas chromatograph.

4：Experimental Procedures and Operational Workflow:

The ZnS(en)

5：5 precursor was annealed at different temperatures to obtain porous ZnO nanoplates. The samples were characterized using various techniques, and their photocatalytic activity for CO2 reduction was evaluated under UV-vis light irradiation. Data Analysis Methods:

The data were analyzed using DFT calculations for adsorption and activation of CO2 on the ZnO surface.