1：Experimental Design and Method Selection:

The study involved synthesizing core@shell nanoparticles through thermal decomposition and hydrothermal methods to enhance upconversion and photocatalytic properties. Theoretical models include energy transfer mechanisms in lanthanide-doped materials.

2：Sample Selection and Data Sources:

Samples included NaYF4:Yb3+,Tm3+ nanoparticles, Tm@Nd core@shell nanoparticles, and Tm@Nd@TiO2 core@shell nanoparticles, prepared using rare earth acetates and other chemicals.

3：List of Experimental Equipment and Materials:

Equipment includes high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), UV-vis diffuse reflectance spectra (DRS), fluorescence spectrometer, diode lasers, Xe arc lamp, gas chromatograph. Materials include rare earth oxides, oleic acid, octadecene, polyvinylpyrrolidone, ammonium fluoride, sodium hydroxide, methanol, cyclohexane, TiF

4：Experimental Procedures and Operational Workflow:

Synthesis involved thermal decomposition for core and shell nanoparticles, ligand removal, PVP modification, and TiO2 coating via hydrothermal treatment. Photocatalytic tests were conducted under various light irradiations with RhB and ethylene degradation.

5：Data Analysis Methods:

Data were analyzed using UV-visible absorbance measurements, gas chromatography, and statistical methods to calculate degradation rates and constants.