研究目的
To develop a ratiometric fluorescent probe for the imaging of Cu2+ in lysosomes, addressing the need for sensitive detection in biological systems due to the roles and effects of Cu2+ in the human body.
研究成果
The synthesized probe effectively detects Cu2+ through ratiometric fluorescence based on FRET, with high sensitivity and selectivity. It successfully images Cu2+ in lysosomes of HeLa cells, demonstrating potential for biological applications in studying copper-related diseases.
研究不足
The probe's performance is limited to semi-aqueous solutions and specific pH ranges (4.0-8.0). It may have interference in complex biological matrices, and the synthesis, while mild, still requires specific reagents and conditions.
1:Experimental Design and Method Selection:
The probe was synthesized via condensation of substituted formyl-1H-pyrrole and rhodamine 6G hydrazone under mild conditions. FRET was utilized for ratiometric sensing.
2:Sample Selection and Data Sources:
HeLa cells were used for bioimaging. Metal ion solutions were prepared from nitrate or chloride salts.
3:List of Experimental Equipment and Materials:
Instruments included Elemental Vario EL analyzer, Bruker AV400 NMR spectrometer, Purkinje General TU-1800 spectrophotometer, Varian CARY Eclipse spectrophotometer, Bruker SMART APEX II CCD diffractometer, Quantaurus Tau C11367 for fluorescence lifetime and quantum yield, Zeiss Leica inverted epifluorescence/reflectance laser scanning confocal microscope. Materials included solvents, starting materials, and salts.
4:Experimental Procedures and Operational Workflow:
Synthesis involved refluxing with acetic acid. UV-vis and fluorescence titrations were performed by adding aliquots of reagents to probe solutions. Bioimaging involved incubating HeLa cells with probe and Cu2+, followed by confocal microscopy.
5:Data Analysis Methods:
Spectra were analyzed for absorbance and emission changes. Binding constant was determined using Benesi-Hildebrand expression. DFT calculations were performed with Gaussian 09.
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Bruker AV400 NMR spectrometer
AV400
Bruker
Recording 1H NMR spectra
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Bruker SMART APEX II CCD diffractometer
SMART APEX II
Bruker
Performing X-ray diffraction measurements
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Elemental Vario EL analyzer
Vario EL
Elementar
Conducting elemental analyses
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Purkinje General TU-1800 spectrophotometer
TU-1800
Purkinje General
Recording UV spectra
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Varian CARY Eclipse spectrophotometer
CARY Eclipse
Varian
Determining fluorescence spectra
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Quantaurus Tau C11367
C11367
Quantaurus
Recording fluorescence lifetime and absolute quantum yield
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Zeiss Leica inverted epifluorescence/reflectance laser scanning confocal microscope
Zeiss Leica
Obtaining fluorescent images
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Gaussian 09
09
Gaussian
Performing density functional theory calculations
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SADABS
Applying semi-empirical absorption correction to intensity data
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SHELXTL-97
97
SHELX
Solving and refining crystal structures
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LysoTracker Red
Commercial lysosome tracker for co-staining in bioimaging
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