1：Experimental Design and Method Selection:

Single crystals of RE2O3:1at%Eu (RE=Lu, Y, Sc) were grown using the optical floating zone method in air atmosphere. Correlated measurements included afterglow curves, thermoluminescence (TSL), photoluminescence (PL) decay, photoluminescence excitation (PLE), and radioluminescence (XEL) curves. Theoretical models such as the general-order kinetics model were used for TSL curve fitting.

2：Sample Selection and Data Sources:

Samples were prepared from 4N purity raw powders, cut and polished into plates of dimension about Ф5×1 mm3. Data were collected using various spectrometers and detectors.

3：Data were collected using various spectrometers and detectors. List of Experimental Equipment and Materials:

3. List of Experimental Equipment and Materials: Equipment included an optical floating zone furnace, X-ray tubes (tungsten, operated at different voltages and currents), PMTs (Hamamatsu R2059 and R928P), fluorescence spectrometer (Edinburg FLS 980), CCD detector (Jobin-Yvon Spectrum One 3000), spectrometer (Triax 180 Jobin-Yvon), and excitation sources (Xenon lamp, μF2 lamp). Materials were RE2O3:1%Eu single crystals.

4：Experimental Procedures and Operational Workflow:

Afterglow curves were measured after 2s continuous X-ray irradiation. PLE, PL, and PL decay curves were recorded at room temperature. XEL curves were measured with X-ray excitation. Wavelength-resolved TSL measurements were performed in the 78-350 K range with a heating rate of 0.2 K/s after irradiation at 77 K. All spectra were corrected for detection response.

5：2 K/s after irradiation at 77 K. All spectra were corrected for detection response. Data Analysis Methods:

5. Data Analysis Methods: TSL curves were fitted using the general-order kinetics model. PL decay curves were fitted with exponential functions. Data analysis involved comparing afterglow intensities, trap depths, emission spectra, and radioluminescence efficiencies.