研究目的
To investigate the behavior of DEPFET devices with and without storage functionality at high frame rates using window mode readout for improved spectroscopic performance in X-ray astronomy applications.
研究成果
The research demonstrates that DEPFETs with integrated storage functionality significantly reduce sensor-generated background and degradation of energy resolution at high frame rates compared to non-storage devices. Window mode readout enables frame rates up to 102 kHz, with storage DEPFETs showing a tenfold reduction in background. Future work with full parallel readout and inter-frame split recombination is expected to further enhance performance, making storage DEPFETs essential for high-frame-rate spectroscopic applications in X-ray astronomy.
研究不足
The study is limited by the current inability to recombine inter-frame split events in software, which prevents full demonstration of the storage DEPFET's advantages. Additionally, the use of window mode reduces the effective sensor area, and the experiments were conducted on prototype sensors not yet optimized for full parallel readout. High frame rates increase sensor-generated background, potentially obscuring weak spectral features.
1：Experimental Design and Method Selection:
The study utilized DEPFET active pixel sensors, comparing non-storage and storage (Infinipix) variants. Window mode (region-of-interest readout) was employed to achieve high frame rates by reading only a subset of rows, with measurements conducted in source follower readout mode for spectroscopic analysis.
2：Sample Selection and Data Sources:
Prototype sensors included a 64x64 non-storage DEPFET array (pixel size 130 μm) and a 32x32 Infinipix DEPFET array (pixel size 150 μm). Data were collected using a radioactive 55Fe source (emitting Mn lines) and an X-ray tube with an iron target for varying intensities.
3：List of Experimental Equipment and Materials:
DEPFET arrays, readout ASICs (e.g., Veritas 2.1), steering ASIC, high-speed NIR LED for timing measurements, cooling system to maintain sensor temperature around 205 K, and X-ray sources.
4：1), steering ASIC, high-speed NIR LED for timing measurements, cooling system to maintain sensor temperature around 205 K, and X-ray sources.
Experimental Procedures and Operational Workflow:
4. Experimental Procedures and Operational Workflow: Sensors were operated in window mode with a 3-row window to minimize frame time. Readout involved row-wise activation, signal integration (650 ns), settling times (500 ns), clear processes (150 ns), and programming of the steering ASIC. Frame rates up to 102 kHz were achieved, with spectral data collected and analyzed for energy resolution and background.
5：Data Analysis Methods:
Spectral performance was evaluated using energy resolution (FWHM) and peak-to-valley ratios from measured spectra. Data analysis included pattern recognition for event recombination (not fully implemented for inter-frame splits), with comparisons between storage and non-storage devices.
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