1：Experimental Design and Method Selection:

The study involved synthesizing TaON/V2O5 heterojunction photocatalysts through calcination methods to enhance charge separation for photocatalytic degradation of toluene under visible light. Theoretical models included band structure analysis for heterojunction formation.

2：Sample Selection and Data Sources:

Samples included TaON, V2O5, and TaON/V2O5 composites with varying TaON content (1-9 wt%). Toluene gas was used as the pollutant source.

3：List of Experimental Equipment and Materials:

Equipment included tube furnace, XRD (Rigaku Ultima III), SEM (FEI NOVA Nano SEM 230), TEM (JEM-200CX), XPS (PHI5000 Versa Probe), UV-vis DRS (UV-2550, Shimadzu), BET surface area analyzer (SA-3100, Beckman Coulter), PL spectrometer (FLS 980, Edinburgh Instruments), ESR (JES-FA200, JEOL), electrochemical analyzer (CHI-730E, Shanghai Chenhua), gas chromatograph (GC9790, Fuli), and Xe lamp. Materials included Ta2O5, NH4VO3, ethanol, DMPO, Na2SO4, and toluene.

4：Experimental Procedures and Operational Workflow:

TaON was synthesized by calcining Ta2O5 in NH3 at 850°C. TaON/V2O5 composites were prepared by grinding TaON and NH4VO3 with ethanol, drying, and calcining at 500°C. Photocatalytic activity was evaluated in a gas-sealed container with toluene, using a Xe lamp for irradiation, and gas samples were analyzed by GC every 2 hours.

5：Data Analysis Methods:

Data were analyzed using XRD for crystal structure, SEM/TEM for morphology, XPS for elemental composition, UV-vis for optical properties, BET for surface area, PL for carrier separation, ESR for radical detection, and GC for pollutant concentration. Statistical analysis involved comparison of degradation and mineralization ratios.