1：Experimental Design and Method Selection:

The study used a sol-gel via spin-coating method to synthesize ZnO thin films with three different precursor concentrations (

2：55 M, 75 M, 95 M). The rationale was to explore how concentration affects properties. Theoretical models included the Debye-Scherrer formula for crystallite size calculation and equations for lattice parameters. Sample Selection and Data Sources:

Zinc acetate 2-hydrate was dissolved in 2-methoxyethanol with monoethanolamine as a stabilizer. Glass substrates were used. Data were obtained from XRD, SEM, and EDX analyses.

3：List of Experimental Equipment and Materials:

Zinc acetate 2-hydrate, 2-methoxyethanol, monoethanolamine, glass substrates, spin coater, furnace for heat treatment, XPERT-PRO X-ray diffractometer, SEM (JSM-6490LV) with EDX.

4：Experimental Procedures and Operational Workflow:

Solutions were stirred at 60°C for 2 hours, spin-coated on glass at 3000 rpm for 30s, heat-treated at 300°C for 10 mins after each layer (repeated 3 times), and finally annealed at 550°C for 2 hours. XRD measurements were done with CuKα radiation, SEM and EDX at 20 kV.

5：Data Analysis Methods:

XRD data were analyzed using Debye-Scherrer formula for crystallite size, and equations for lattice parameters. SEM and EDX provided morphological and compositional data.