1：Experimental Design and Method Selection:

The study uses conventional sintering to consolidate hydroxyapatite (HA) and barium titanate (BT) composites, chosen for its cost-effectiveness and industrial viability. The sintering process is reactive, leading to decomposition of BT into various compounds.

2：Sample Selection and Data Sources:

Samples are prepared with 0, 20, and 40 wt% BT in HA, using educational grade HA from Fisher Scientific, BT (

3：5%, particle size ≤ 2 μm) and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) from Sigma-Aldrich. List of Experimental Equipment and Materials:

Equipment includes a conventional sintering furnace (Zircar Zirconia, Inc., Florida, NY), universal testing machine (model 5569, Instron, Norwood, MA, USA), Vickers microhardness tester, X-ray diffractometer (Ultima III; Rigaku, The Woodlands, TX), FTIR spectrometer (UMA-600 Microscope, Varian Excalibur Series, Digilab, Holliston, MA, USA), scanning electron microscope (S-4800, Hitachi, Japan), and materials include HA, BT, PVA, simulated body fluid (SBF) components, and cell culture reagents.

4：Experimental Procedures and Operational Workflow:

Powders are mixed manually, pressed into pellets, sintered at 1200°C for 1 hour, then characterized for physical, mechanical properties, phase composition, morphology, bioactivity in SBF, and in vitro cytocompatibility using MC3T3-E1 cells.

5：Data Analysis Methods:

Data are analyzed using standard equations for density, porosity, compressive strength, hardness, fracture toughness, XRD patterns with JADE software, FTIR spectra, SEM images with ImageJ software, and cell viability assays with MTT.