1：Experimental Design and Method Selection:

The study involved synthesizing FMSMs through stepwise encapsulation and functionalization of natural spores with magnetic nanoparticles and carbon dots, followed by magnetic actuation and fluorescence tracking for toxin detection. Theoretical models for magnetic propulsion and fluorescence quenching were employed.

2：Sample Selection and Data Sources:

Samples included Ganoderma lucidum spores, bacterial supernatants from C. diff and Fusobacterium nucleatum cultures, and clinical stool samples from healthy volunteers and C. diff-positive patients.

3：List of Experimental Equipment and Materials:

Instruments included scanning electron microscope, fluorescence microscope, XRD diffractometer, FTIR spectrometer, UV-vis spectrophotometer, zeta potential analyzer, vibrating sample magnetometer, and magnetic field generating system. Materials included FeSO4·7H2O, ammonia, glucose, p-phenylenediamine, PBS, DMEM, BHI medium, FBS, MPA, EDC, NHS, amino acids, and mucus from pig stomach and guts.

4：Experimental Procedures and Operational Workflow:

Spores were pretreated, coated with Fe3O4 nanoparticles, functionalized with MPA, conjugated with carbon dots, and characterized. Magnetic actuation was performed using a rotating magnetic field, and fluorescence changes were monitored over time in various media and samples to detect toxins.

5：Data Analysis Methods:

Fluorescence intensity was measured using ImageJ software, with data analyzed for quenching rates, detection limits, and statistical significance. Calibration curves and Stern-Volmer equations were used for quantification.