1：Experimental Design and Method Selection:

The study investigates the electrostatic dispersion mechanism for CuNW in water, focusing on factors like bond strength, charge per molecule, and modifier amount. Theoretical models and DLVO theory are referenced.

2：Sample Selection and Data Sources:

CuNW is synthesized using a method from previous work, with specific dimensions (length ~50 μm, diameter ~60 nm). Surface modifiers such as 2-mercaptoethanol are used.

3：List of Experimental Equipment and Materials:

Instruments include ZEISS GeminiSEM 300, Hitachi S-4300 SEM, Bruker D8 Advance XRD, JS94K2 electrophoresis apparatus, RTS-5 four-point probe, Seven2Go Pro conductivity meter, Hitachi U-3900 UV-Vis spectrometer, DP-8301 automatic drawdown machine, Turbiscan Tower. Materials include nickel(II) acetate tetrahydrate, oleylamine, PVP, sodium 3-mercapto-1-propanesulfonate, n-octyl mercaptan, copper(II) chloride dihydrate, dichloromethane, ethanol, sodium thiosulfate, 2-mercaptoethanol, sodium n-cyclohexylsulfamate, sodium formaldehyde bisulfite, sodium sulfamate, FSO-

4：Experimental Procedures and Operational Workflow:

1 CuNW is synthesized, dispersed in water with modifiers, and characterized for zeta potential, conductivity, and stability. Films are prepared using Meyer rod coating, baked at 80°C, and evaluated for sheet resistance and transmittance. Optoelectronic devices (solar cells and OLEDs) are fabricated and tested.

5：Data Analysis Methods:

Data is analyzed using statistical methods for uniformity (mean and standard deviation of sheet resistances), zeta potential measurements, conductivity ratios, and Turbiscan Stability Index (TSI) for sedimentation studies.