研究目的
To identify and develop non-toxic, cheap materials with controllable room temperature phosphorescence properties for applications like bio-imaging and photodynamic therapy by embedding carbon nanodots in inorganic crystalline hosts.
研究成果
The research demonstrates that embedding carbon nanodots in inorganic crystalline hosts allows systematic control over fluorescence and phosphorescence properties through cation and anion variation, leveraging the heavy atom effect. This provides a simple, flexible approach for creating tunable phosphorescent materials with potential applications in bio-imaging and therapeutics, offering an alternative to complex organic synthesis.
研究不足
The study is limited to specific inorganic hosts (alkaline earth carbonates, sulphates, oxalates) and CND types. The quantum yield calculations are estimates and may not be highly precise. The method may not be directly applicable to all luminophores or host materials, and scalability for industrial applications is not addressed.
1：Experimental Design and Method Selection:
The study used a one-pot synthesis method to embed carbon nanodots (CNDs) derived from folic acid or riboflavin into various alkaline earth carbonates, sulphates, and oxalates. The rationale was to utilize the heavy atom effect and host density to tune photoluminescent properties.
2：Sample Selection and Data Sources:
Folic acid-derived CNDs (F-CNDs) and riboflavin-derived CNDs (R-CNDs) were synthesized hydrothermally. Inorganic hosts included CaCO3, SrCO3, BaCO3, CaSO4·2H2O, SrSO4, BaSO4, CaC2O4·H2O, SrC2O4·H2O, and BaC2O4·0.5H2O. Samples were characterized using techniques like pXRD, SEM, TEM, CFM, SS-PL spectroscopy, TRPM, and FLIM.
3：5H2O. Samples were characterized using techniques like pXRD, SEM, TEM, CFM, SS-PL spectroscopy, TRPM, and FLIM. List of Experimental Equipment and Materials:
3. List of Experimental Equipment and Materials: Equipment included hydrothermal autoclave, Perkin-Elmer Envision 2103 plate reader, Zeiss LSM510 confocal microscope, Jobin Yvon Horiba FluoroMax-3 spectrometer, FEI NanoSEM Nova 450 SEM, FEI Tecnai TF20 TEM, Renishaw inVia Raman microscope, Bruker D2 Phaser pXRD, and others as detailed in the methods. Materials included folic acid, riboflavin, various salts (e.g., CaCl2, Na2CO3), and solvents.
4：Experimental Procedures and Operational Workflow:
CNDs were synthesized by heating precursor solutions at 200°C for 12 hours. Nanocomposites were prepared by precipitating inorganic crystals in the presence of CNDs using direct mixing. Procedures involved dissolution, filtration, bleaching, and drying steps. Photophysical properties were measured using spectroscopy and microscopy techniques with specific excitation wavelengths and conditions.
5：Data Analysis Methods:
Data were analyzed using software like ImageJ, Origin Pro, ZEN, and CasaXPS. Lifetimes were fitted with exponential functions, and quantum yields were estimated by comparing luminescence intensities with standards.
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Perkin-Elmer Envision 2103
2103
Perkin-Elmer
Plate reader used for fluorescence intensity measurements to determine CND content in nanocomposites.
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Zeiss LSM510 Upright Confocal Microscope
LSM510
Zeiss
Used for confocal fluorescence microscopy to image and analyze the distribution of CNDs in nanocomposites.
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FEI NanoSEM Nova 450
Nova 450
FEI
Scanning electron microscope for imaging the morphology of nanocomposite crystals.
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FEI Tecnai TF20 FEG-TEM
TF20
FEI
Transmission electron microscope for characterizing the size and structure of CNDs and nanocomposites.
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Bruker D2 Phaser
D2 Phaser
Bruker
Powder X-ray diffractometer for phase confirmation and structural analysis of nanocomposites.
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Ocean Optics 2000+
2000+
Ocean Optics
Spectrometer for phosphorescence spectroscopy to obtain dark-state spectra.
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Malvern Instruments Zetasizer Nano
Zetasizer Nano
Malvern Instruments
Used for zeta potential measurements to determine surface charge of CNDs.
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Becker and Hickl DSC-120
DSC-120
Becker and Hickl
Confocal scanning head for fluorescence and phosphorescence lifetime imaging microscopy.
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Coherent Mira 700 F
Mira 700 F
Coherent
Ti:Sapphire laser for two-photon excitation in FLIM/PLIM studies.
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Thermo Escalab 250 XPS
Escalab 250
Thermo
X-ray photoelectron spectrometer for elemental and functional group analysis of CNDs.
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FEI Helio G4 CX FEG SEM
Helio G4 CX
FEI
Focused ion beam SEM for milling samples to prepare thin sections for TEM analysis.
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hydrothermal autoclave
40 mL stainless steel with Teflon insert
Used for synthesizing carbon nanodots by heating precursor solutions at high temperature and pressure.
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Jobin Yvon Horiba FluoroMax-3
FluoroMax-3
Jobin Yvon Horiba
Fluorescence spectrometer for steady-state photoluminescence spectroscopy to measure emission spectra and quantum yields.
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Renishaw inVia Raman Microscope
inVia
Renishaw
Raman microscope for spectroscopic analysis to confirm chemical functionalities in CNDs and hosts.
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Nikon Eclipse Ti optical microscope
Eclipse Ti
Nikon
Microscope for time-resolved phosphorescence microscopy and fluorescence lifetime imaging.
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