1：Experimental Design and Method Selection:

The study involved synthesizing graphene-based materials from graphite through oxidation and reduction methods (thermal and multi-step with ascorbic acid), followed by characterization and electrochemical testing to evaluate capacitive behavior.

2：Sample Selection and Data Sources:

Graphite with particle size < 20 μm from Sigma Aldrich was used as the raw material. Samples included graphite oxide (GrO), graphene oxide (GO), thermally reduced graphene oxide (TRGO), and ascorbic acid multi-phase reduced graphene oxide (AMPRGO).

3：List of Experimental Equipment and Materials:

Equipment included SEM with EDX software (Phenom Pro X), TGA/DSC instrument (METTLER TOLEDO), FTIR spectrophotometer (Perkin-Elmer Spectrum TWO), Raman spectrophotometer (Senterra), XRD diffractometer (Philips PW-1711), and potentiostat-galvanostat (Ivium Vertex 5A.DC). Materials included graphite, ascorbic acid, Nafion solution, isopropanol, carbon paper substrates, and KCl electrolyte.

4：5A.DC). Materials included graphite, ascorbic acid, Nafion solution, isopropanol, carbon paper substrates, and KCl electrolyte. Experimental Procedures and Operational Workflow:

4. Experimental Procedures and Operational Workflow: Synthesis involved oxidation via Improved Hummers Method, exfoliation by sonication, reduction by thermal annealing or multi-step with ascorbic acid. Electrodes were prepared by depositing inks on carbon paper. Characterization included elemental analysis, TGA, FTIR, Raman, XRD, and cyclic voltammetry in a three-electrode cell with Ag/AgCl reference and platinum counter electrode.

5：Data Analysis Methods:

Data were analyzed using equations for XRD parameters (e.g., interlayer space, crystal size) and specific capacitance calculation from cyclic voltammetry. Statistical analysis was not explicitly mentioned, but parameters were derived from instrumental measurements.