1：Experimental Design and Method Selection:

The study employed a green synthesis approach using plant extract as a reducing agent. Characterization techniques included UV/Vis, XRD, FT-IR, SEM, EDX, HR-TEM, and XPS. Biological and photocatalytic activities were assessed through antibacterial, antifungal, antioxidant, and dye degradation assays.

2：Sample Selection and Data Sources:

Trianthema portulacastrum plant biomass was collected, washed, dried, and ground to fine powder. Bacterial strains (Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli) and fungal species (Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus fumigatus) were used. Mouse pre-osteoblast cell line MC3T3-E1 sub-clone 14 cells were employed for cytotoxicity studies. Synozol Navy Blue-KBF dye was used for photocatalytic degradation.

3：List of Experimental Equipment and Materials:

UV/Vis spectrophotometer (Perkin Elmer Lambda 25), XRD (operating at 30 kV and 15 mA with CuKa radiation), FT-IR spectrophotometer (ABB MB3000), SEM (Hitachi), EDX (Hitachi), HR-TEM (JEM-3010), XPS (ESCALAB 250, Thermo Fisher Scientific), mechanical shaker, centrifuge, incubator, agar well diffusion setup, MTT assay kit (Millipore, Catalog no CT01/CT02), HPLC (Agilent Technologies 1200 Series), xenon lamp (67005, Newport, Oriel Instrument). Materials included ZnSO4, DPPH, ascorbic acid, Sabouraud dextrose agar, Muller Hinton Agar, dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), tert-butanol, NaCl, NaOH, HCl.

4：Experimental Procedures and Operational Workflow:

Plant extract was prepared by mixing powder with distilled water, stirring, and filtering. ZnO-NPs synthesis involved mixing extract with ZnSO4 solution, followed by drying and separation. Characterization was performed using specified instruments. Antibacterial activity was tested via agar well diffusion method. Antifungal activity was assessed by measuring mycelial growth inhibition. Cytotoxicity was evaluated using MTT assay. Antioxidant activity was measured with DPPH assay. Photocatalytic degradation involved exposing dye solution with ZnO-NPs to solar irradiation and analyzing with HPLC. Point of zero charge was determined using NaCl solution.

5：Data Analysis Methods:

Data were analyzed using statistical methods (means ± SD for triplicate experiments). Equations for mycelial growth inhibition, cell viability, and DPPH inhibition were applied. XRD data used Scherrer formula for particle size calculation.