研究目的
To provide an overview and evaluation of temperature sensors for accurate temperature measurement of photovoltaic (PV) modules, addressing issues with contact sensors and comparing the accuracy of various commercially available sensors.
研究成果
The research concludes that non-contact IR sensors like the MLX90614 provide the highest accuracy for PV module temperature measurement, with differences less than ±0.4°C compared to the thermal imaging reference. Contact sensors, even when thermally insulated, showed lower accuracy due to environmental impacts and mounting issues. The MLX90614 also offers faster response times and easier mounting. This suggests that non-contact sensors are most suitable for accurate and efficient temperature monitoring in PV systems, potentially improving power output calculations and system modeling.
研究不足
The study was conducted in specific environmental conditions (summer in Ni?, Serbia), which may not represent all climates. The thermal imaging camera's accuracy depends on correct emissivity settings, which were set based on literature but might vary. The evaluation focused on a limited set of commercially available sensors, and results may not generalize to all sensor types. Thermal insulation methods (e.g., XPS blocks) might not be optimal for all applications, and mounting techniques could introduce errors.
1：Experimental Design and Method Selection:
The research involved evaluating several commercially available temperature sensors (four contact and one non-contact) for PV module temperature measurement. A high-quality thermal imaging camera was used as a reference for validation. The methodology included mounting sensors on PV modules, thermal insulation where applicable, and comparative measurements under real-life conditions.
2：Sample Selection and Data Sources:
PV modules exposed to real-life conditions in the city of Ni?, Serbia, during summer months. Sensors evaluated include RTF4 probe, DS18B20, DS18B20Z, Pt100 sensor DM-503, and MLX90614 IR sensor.
3：List of Experimental Equipment and Materials:
Temperature sensors (RTF4, DS18B20, DS18B20Z, DM-503 Pt100, MLX90614), thermal imaging camera (Jenoptic Varioscan 3021ST), multimeter (Keysight 34410A), temperature calibrator (Fluke 9103 Dry-well), microcontroller (PIC18F2550), current source (LT3902), DAC (MCP4922), ADC (MCP3208), thermal insulation materials (XPS blocks, silicone rubber, hot glue), PV modules.
4：Experimental Procedures and Operational Workflow:
Sensors were mounted on the back side of PV modules using methods like self-adhesive thermal strips or duct tape. Thermal insulation was applied using XPS blocks. Measurements were taken simultaneously with the thermal imaging camera as reference. Calibration was performed using the Fluke 9103 calibrator and Keysight multimeter. Data acquisition involved reading sensor outputs and comparing with reference values.
5：Data Analysis Methods:
Comparative analysis of temperature measurements from each sensor against the thermal imaging camera reference. Statistical evaluation of accuracy, including average and maximal deviations. Analysis of response times and impact of environmental factors.
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thermal imaging camera
Varioscan 3021ST
Jenoptic
Used as a reference for validating the accuracy of temperature measurements from other sensors by capturing thermal images of PV modules.
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multimeter
34410A
Keysight
Used for data acquisition from the RTF4 probe via 4-wire resistance measurement and for calibration purposes.
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temperature calibrator
9103 Dry-well
Fluke
Used for comparative testing and calibration of temperature sensors like DS18B20 and the custom Pt100 system.
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microcontroller
PIC18F2550
Microchip
Used in the custom-made measurement system for data acquisition and control, specifically for the Pt100 sensor setup.
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digital to analog converter
MCP4922
Microchip
Used to regulate the driving current of the Pt100 sensor by setting the voltage on the LT3902's SET pin.
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analog to digital converter
MCP3208
Microchip
Used to measure the voltage drop on the RS resistor for current regulation in the Pt100 measurement system.
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current source
LT3902
Linear Technology
Used to source driving current for the Pt100 sensor in the custom measurement system.
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temperature sensor
RTF4
Not specified in paper, but same manufacturer as DM-503
A Class B self-adhesive Pt100 sensor encapsulated in silicone rubber, used for PV module temperature measurement and as a reference in some evaluations.
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temperature sensor
DS18B20
Maxim Integrated
Digital temperature sensor used for PV module temperature measurement, evaluated in TO-92 package with thermal insulation.
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temperature sensor
DS18B20Z
Maxim Integrated
Variant of DS18B20 in SO-8 package, evaluated for better physical contact and accuracy in temperature measurement.
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temperature sensor
DM-503
Not specified in paper, but same manufacturer as RTF4
Class B Pt100 sensor used in the custom measurement system for PV module temperature measurement.
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temperature sensor
MLX90614ESF-ACF
Melexis
Non-contact infrared temperature sensor used for PV module temperature measurement, offering high accuracy and fast response.
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