1：Experimental Design and Method Selection:

The study involved fabricating an ITO electrode modified with reduced graphene oxide and gold nanoparticles via electrodeposition using chronoamperometry. Electrochemical and optical characterization methods were employed, including UV-Vis spectroscopy, SEM, TEM, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. Cell growth was monitored using impedance measurements and fluorescent microscopy.

2：Sample Selection and Data Sources:

HEK293 cells transfected with a green fluorescent protein expression vector (HEK293/GFP) were used. Chemicals such as GO, HAuCl4·3H2O, and others were obtained from Sigma Aldrich.

3：List of Experimental Equipment and Materials:

Equipment included a potentiostat (CompactStat; Ivium), UV-Vis spectrophotometer (Optizen POP; Mecasys), SEM (EM-30; COXEM), TEM (Zeiss LEO 912 AB), digital lock-in-amplifier (SR830; Stanford Research Systems), and fluorescent microscope (XJF300T; UniNANO Technology). Materials included ITO electrodes, GO, gold chloride, phosphate buffers, and cell culture media.

4：Experimental Procedures and Operational Workflow:

The ITO electrode was fabricated and modified with rGO and AuNP via electrodeposition at specific potentials. Impedance spectra were measured with an electrolyte containing potassium ferricyanide. Cells were cultured on the electrodes, and impedance was monitored over time using a lock-in-amplifier setup. Fluorescent microscopy was used to observe cell morphology and density.

5：Data Analysis Methods:

Impedance data were analyzed using non-linear curve fitting with a specific equation to extract parameters like charge transfer resistance and constant phase element. Fluorescent intensity was analyzed using ImageJ software. Statistical analysis included averages and standard deviations.