1：Experimental Design and Method Selection:

The study used flash sintering (electric field-assisted sintering) to densify SDC-CNT composites, focusing on the role of CNTs in enhancing Joule heating and electrical conductivity.

2：Sample Selection and Data Sources:

SDC powder (CeO2: 20 mol% Sm2O3) from Fuel Cell Materials, USA, and multiwalled CNTs synthesized by catalytic chemical vapor deposition were used. Composites with 10 vol% CNT were prepared.

3：List of Experimental Equipment and Materials:

Attrition mill with Teflon-lined jar, zirconia-yttria spheres, isopropyl alcohol, uniaxial and isostatic presses, dilatometer (Unitherm model 1161), AC power supply, multimeters (Fluke 8050A), impedance analyzer (Hewlett Packard 4192A), scanning electron microscope (JEOL JSM 6701F), thermogravimetric analyzer (Simultaneous Thermal Analysis 409E Netzsch), mass spectrometer (Thermostar GSD 320T1 Pfeiffer), X-ray diffractometer (Bruker-AXS D8 Advance).

4：Experimental Procedures and Operational Workflow:

Powders were attrition milled, pressed into pellets, and sintered in a dilatometer with AC electric fields at 850°C, current limited to 1A. Shrinkage, voltage, and current were monitored. Post-sintering, density was measured by Archimedes method, microstructure by SEM, and electrical properties by impedance spectroscopy.

5：1A. Shrinkage, voltage, and current were monitored. Post-sintering, density was measured by Archimedes method, microstructure by SEM, and electrical properties by impedance spectroscopy. Data Analysis Methods:

5. Data Analysis Methods: Impedance data were analyzed with special software for deconvolution; shrinkage and electrical resistance data were collected and compared between samples with and without CNTs.