1：Experimental Design and Method Selection:

A hydrothermal method was used to synthesize PEG-MoOx particles, with adjustments to pH and PEG amount to optimize photothermal performance. Characterization included XRD, FESEM, EDS, FTIR, TGA, DLS, UV-vis, XPS, and photothermal measurements. Cell experiments used MTT assay and fluorescence microscopy to evaluate cytotoxicity and photothermal ablation.

2：Sample Selection and Data Sources:

HeLa cells were used as a model cell line. Materials included ammonium molybdate, PEG-4000, and various reagents from commercial suppliers.

3：List of Experimental Equipment and Materials:

Equipment included X-ray powder diffractometer (Bruker D8), field emission scanning electron microscope (Quanta 200FEG), FTIR spectrometer (Nicolet-Is50), TGA instrument (TGA-SDTA851e), DLS instrument (Malvern Zetasizer Nano-ZS90), UV-spectrophotometer (TU-1901), XPS instrument (ESCLAB-250Xi), laser (808 nm), thermocouple thermometer, microplate reader, and fluorescence microscope. Materials were ammonium molybdate, PEG-4000, MTT, DMSO, FBS, DMEM, AO, EB, and others from specified suppliers.

4：Experimental Procedures and Operational Workflow:

Synthesis involved dissolving ammonium molybdate in water, adding ethanol and PEG, adjusting pH, hydrothermal treatment at 160°C for 12h, centrifugation, washing, and drying. Photothermal performance was measured by irradiating solutions with an 808 nm laser and recording temperature. Cell experiments involved incubating HeLa cells with PEG-MoOx, MTT assay for viability, and AO/EB staining for cell death observation under laser irradiation.

5：Data Analysis Methods:

Data were analyzed using Student's t-test for statistical significance, with p < 0.05 considered significant. UV-vis, XRD, and other spectra were interpreted for material properties.