1：Experimental Design and Method Selection:

The study uses an extended Lorenz-Mie core-shell model for light scattering, implemented via Yang's recursive algorithm in the HoloPy package, to calculate scattering cross sections. This model is chosen for its accuracy over the Rayleigh-Gans-Debye approximation, especially for vesicles with encapsulated contents or multiple layers.

2：Sample Selection and Data Sources:

Vesicle samples are prepared from fatty acids (oleic acid, palmitoleic acid, myristoleic acid) and phospholipids (POPC) in bicine buffer. Size distributions are measured using dynamic light scattering (DLS), and refractive indices are measured with an Abbe refractometer.

3：List of Experimental Equipment and Materials:

Equipment includes a spectrophotometer (Cary 60, Agilent), DLS instrument (Zetasizer Nano C, Malvern Panalytical), miniextruder (Avanti Polar Lipids), tube rotator (Labquake, Thermo Fisher Scientific), orbital shaker (GeneMate, BioExpress), and UV cuvettes (BRAND GMBH + CO KG). Materials include fatty acids, NaOH, bicine, POPC, chloroform, glucose, sucrose, adenosine 5'-monophosphate, and RNA.

4：Experimental Procedures and Operational Workflow:

Vesicles are formed by mixing micelle solutions with buffer, vortexing, and agitating. Turbidity is measured on a spectrophotometer using buffer as blank. DLS is used for size measurement, and refractive indices are measured. For some samples, extrusion through polycarbonate filters is performed to control size and lamellarity.

5：Data Analysis Methods:

Scattering cross sections are calculated using HoloPy, and turbidity is derived from these calculations. Data fitting for membrane thickness uses a Levenberg-Marquardt algorithm. Radiative transfer calculations incorporate the Eddington approximation.