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Operation and performance of the JUNGFRAU photon detector during first FEL and synchrotron experiments
摘要： JUNGFRAU is a hybrid pixel photon detector developed at the Paul Scherrer Institut for free electron laser (FEL) and synchrotron applications. A charge integrating detector, JUNGFRAU features three automatically switching gains per pixel which adjust the amplification factor to the amount of deposited charge. This enables single photon sensitivity, while ensuring a dynamic range over four orders of magnitude. Each detector module consists of eight 256 × 256 pixel ASICs bump-bonded to a single 320 μm thick silicon sensor, resulting in half a million pixels of 75 μm pitch arranged in 1024 × 512 arrays for a sensitive area of approximately 8 × 4 cm2. Modules can be combined in various configurations to produce larger systems. These proceedings present the required steps, both operational and in terms of data processing, necessary to perform experiments with the JUNGFRAU detector. This includes the calculation and application of pedestal and gain corrections and the geometric arrangement of the recorded image. Examples of these techniques in action will be presented from the first experiments performed with JUNGFRAU detectors; the pilot experiment of the SwissFEL Bernina beamline and proof-of-principle macromolecular crystallography measurements from the X06SA beamline of the Swiss Light Source. Successful operation and data processing methods from FEL and synchrotron facilities will be compared and contrasted, and experience of overcoming challenges in the two scenarios will be shared. Finally, the capability of JUNGFRAU for FEL and synchrotron applications will be demonstrated.
关键词： Instrumentation for synchrotron radiation accelerators,X-ray detectors,Instrumentation for FEL
更新于2025-09-23 15:21:01
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Heterojunction Internal Photoemission of λ ~ 2.8 μm by Ge/Si Core/Shell Nanowires
摘要： The photodetector of Ge/Si core/shell nanowires can detect 2.8-μm-long infrared, far beyond the absorption edge of both semiconductors, at room temperature. The device of single nanowire grown on heavily doped Si (111) shows typical rectifying behavior despite p–p isotype of nanowire and substrate. Under illumination, the present devices show large responsivity of 35 A/W at ?0.5 V. The analysis of current–voltage characteristics shows that Ge/Si nanowire on p-type silicon device follows the model of semiconductor heterojunction rather than Schottky junction. This result implies that the interface between nanowire and substrate is the main barrier of charge transport in the present nanowire infrared detector. In this paper, the parameter values of the heterojunction of nanowire and substrate are quantitatively investigated with the thermionic transport model. The analysis of the energy band structure shows that even longer wavelength infrared can be detected through the photoemission of the holes over the reduced heterojunction barrier of 0.37 eV.
关键词： Infrared detectors,photoemission,nanowire
更新于2025-09-23 15:21:01
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The EBEX Balloon-borne Experiment—Detectors and Readout
摘要： EBEX was a long-duration balloon-borne experiment to measure the polarization of the cosmic microwave background. The experiment had three frequency bands centered at 150, 250, and 410 GHz and was the first to use a kilopixel array of transition edge sensor bolometers aboard a balloon platform. We describe the design and characterization of the array and the readout system. From the lowest to highest frequency, the median measured detectors' average thermal conductances were 39, 53, and 63 pW/K, the medians of transition temperatures were 0.45, 0.48, and 0.47 K, and the medians of normal resistances were 1.9, 1.5, and 1.4 Ω; we also give the measured distributions. With the exception of the thermal conductance at 150 GHz, all measured values are within 30% of their design. We measure median low-loop-gain time constants τ0 = 88, 46, and 57 ms. Two measurements of bolometer absorption efficiency gave results consistent within 10% and showing high (～0.9) efficiency at 150 GHz and medium (～0.35 and ～0.25) efficiency at the two higher bands. We measure a median total optical power absorbed of 3.6, 5.3, and 5.0 pW. EBEX pioneered the use of the digital version of the frequency domain multiplexing system. We multiplexed the bias and readout of 16 bolometers onto two wires. The median per-detector noise-equivalent temperatures are 400, 920, and 14,500 mK. We compare these values to our preflight predictions and to a previous balloon payload. We discuss the sources of excess noise and the path for a future payload to make full use of the balloon environment.
关键词： cosmology: observations,instrumentation: polarimeters,cosmic background radiation,balloons,instrumentation: detectors
更新于2025-09-23 15:21:01
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Overall Noise Analysis for Transisition Edge Sensor at Optical and Infra-Red Wavelengths
摘要： Transition-Edge Sensors (TESs) are the most promising devices as single photon detectors in the visible and infrared range. In particular ultra-fast TESs with few hundred ns response time and high quantum efficiency find application in different fields like quantum optics, quantum metrology and quantum information. In this work, the main objective is to measure the noise effect on the performance of the TESs when operated at visible and infrared wavelengths as the TESs performance depends on the sensor parameters and also on the noise level. The noise analysis is done by experimentally calculating the noise generated by the different block of the Single quantum interface device and to the TES. We have also . The above estimate is valid for seen from our numerical analysis that the overall noise of the system is the low-temperature steady –state biasing conditions of our TES device.
关键词： Photo Detectors,Single Quantum Interference Device,Gain of Op-Amp,Tank Circuit
更新于2025-09-23 15:21:01
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Scintillation Detectors in Modern High Energy Physics Experiments and Prospect of Their use in Future Experiments
摘要： The scintillation detector (SD) based on organic plastic scintillator (OPS) is one of the basic detectors in HEP experiments. Technologies for production of OPSs as strips and tiles, their optical and physical properties, light collection based on wavelength shifting (WLS) fibers coupled to multipixel vacuum and silicon PMs are presented. SDs are multifunctional: calorimeters, triggers, tracking, time-of-flight and veto systems are the examples of their applications. The use of SDs in many HEP experiments on the search for quarks, new particles and H bosons (D0, ATLAS, CMS), quark-gluon plasma (ALICE), CP violation (LHCb, KLOE), ν-oscillation (MINOS, OPERA), cosmic particles (AMS-02) are discussed. SDs hold great promise for future HEP experiments due to their ability of high segmentation, WLS fiber light collection and multipixel silicon PM readout.
关键词： Fibers,Energy,Calorimetry,Scintillation detectors
更新于2025-09-23 15:21:01
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Characteristics of Si and SiC detectors at registration of Xe ions
摘要： The results of an investigation of silicon (Si) and silicon carbide (SiC) detectors when irradiated with a beam of Xenon (Xe) ions are presented. The irradiation was carried out at the IC-100 cyclotron, JINR, Dubna. The effect of the Pulse Height Defect (PHD) in registering Xe ions with energies 165, 82 and 45 MeV is shown to be twice as large for SiC detectors as that for Si detectors. It is also shown that degradation of SiC detectors irradiated with heavy Xe ions occurs at doses an order of magnitude greater than for Si detectors. The measurement method described, including continuous detector calibration by alpha-particles, makes it possible to simultaneously control the characteristics of detectors during irradiation and determine the energy of a beam of ions.
关键词： Radiation-hard detectors,Heavy-ion detectors,Solid state detectors,Gamma detectors (scintillators, CZT, HPG, HgI etc)
更新于2025-09-23 15:19:57
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Characterization of noise and efficiency of the Pixirad-1/Pixie-III CdTe X-ray imaging detector
摘要： Thanks to their high detection e?ciency and low intrinsic noise, direct conversion X-ray Photon Counting Detectors (XPCDs) are particularly suitable for low dose imaging applications such as mammography. The photon counting technology can implement also two or more acquisition thresholds to perform single-shot spectral imaging with one polychromatic source. However, XPCDs with thick high Z crystal sensor and small pixel size are a?ected by the charge sharing e?ect. This issue can induce multiple counts from a single interaction reducing both spectral and spatial resolutions. In a pure counting mode, multiple counts from charge sharing can be partially or totally removed by increasing the acquisition threshold at the cost of a loss of e?ciency. Thus, the performances of XPCDs can be threshold-dependent. New generation XPCDs implement solutions to cope with charge sharing issue. If the charge sharing is properly corrected, no multiple counts are recorded and the performances (detection e?ciency, spectral and spatial resolutions) of the acquisition system are expected to be independent from the acquisition threshold. This work presents a study of a Pixirad-1 detection system based on a CdTe Schottky sensor and PIXIE-III readout system. This chip can be con?gured in three di?erent operation modes, two of which implement solutions to remove multiple counts. Using monochromatic radiation, the performances of these di?erent operation modes have been compared trough a measure of the integral spectra and the Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR) as function of the acquisition threshold.
关键词： Hybrid detectors,X-ray detectors,Pixelated detectors and associated VLSI electronics
更新于2025-09-23 15:19:57
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[IEEE 2019 International Conference on Microwave and Millimeter Wave Technology (ICMMT) - Guangzhou, China (2019.5.19-2019.5.22)] 2019 International Conference on Microwave and Millimeter Wave Technology (ICMMT) - Surface Waveguide Leaky-wave Antenna for Single-Side Beam Scanning
摘要： We present a 16-channel readout integrated circuit (ROIC) with nanosecond-resolution time to digital converter (TDC) for pixelated Cadmium Telluride (CdTe) gamma-ray detectors. The pixel array ROIC is the proof of concept of the pixel array readout ASIC for positron-emission tomography (PET) scanner, positron-emission mammography (PEM) scanner, and Compton gamma camera. The electronics of each individual pixel integrates an analog front-end with switchable gain, an analog to digital converter (ADC), configuration registers, and a 4-state digital controller. For every detected photon, the pixel electronics provides the energy deposited in the detector with 10-bit resolution, and a fast trigger signal for time stamp. The ASIC contains the 16-pixel matrix electronics, a digital controller, five global voltage references, a TDC, a temperature sensor, and a band-gap based current reference. The ASIC has been fabricated with TSMC m mixed-signal CMOS technology and occupies an area of mm. The TDC shows a resolution mm of 95.5 ps, a precision of 600 ps at full width half maximum W. In acquisition (FWHM), and a power consumption of mode, the total power consumption of every pixel is W. An equivalent noise charge (ENC) of at maximum gain and negative polarity conditions has been measured at room temperature.
关键词： gamma-ray detectors,low-power electronics,Analog-digital conversion,semiconductor radiation detectors,application specific integrated circuits,positron emission tomography,energy resolution
更新于2025-09-23 15:19:57
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A Beginners' Guide to Scanning Electron Microscopy || Components of the SEM
摘要： The primary components of the SEM are electron column, specimen chamber, and computer control system as shown in the photograph of Fig. 2.1. These components are used to carry out various functions of microscopy and microchemical analysis. The SEM instrumentation may include secondary and backscattered electron detectors, energy-dispersive x-ray spectrometer (EDS), low vacuum detector, electron backscattered diffraction (EBSD) detector, etc. Some of this instrumentation may not be necessary for basic imaging but play an increasingly important role in more demanding microscopy applications. A user has a continual interaction with the primary components of the SEM, which has a direct bearing on the quality of images and analyses obtained. In addition to these components, secondary/miscellaneous equipment such as vacuum pumps, water chiller, and electronics form an essential part of the overall system without which the SEM cannot function. However, this equipment runs seamlessly in the background and hardly needs any input from the user. Modern day SEMs are controlled with computers. However, the quality of images obtained largely depends on the input parameters as determined by the operator. This necessitates the study of SEM and its various components and the way it can be used to produce high-quality images and reliable analytical data.
关键词： microchemical analysis,electron column,energy-dispersive x-ray spectrometer,specimen chamber,backscattered electron detectors,computer control system,secondary electron detectors,SEM,microscopy,EBSD detector
更新于2025-09-23 15:19:57
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Improving the performance of ultra-flexible perovskite photodetectors through cation engineering
摘要： High performance ultra-flexible lightweight perovskite photodetectors hold promising applications on arbitrary substrates include unmanned aerial vehicles. Herein, we report a facile method to improve the performances of perovskite photodetectors on flexible ultrathin (50 μm) polyimide substrates by tuning the composition with different ratios of cations. In the presence of lead thiocyanate, a certain amount of formamidinium introduction could sufficiently enhance the methylammonium lead triiodide perovskite film quality with prolonged carrier lifetime. Perovskite photodetector with response time of ton=89 ms and toff=47 ms is achieved with a very simple device architecture. In addition, our flexible photodetectors maintain good performances after rigorous folding and bending, demonstrating excellent mechanical properties, which can be very useful for a variety of applications.
关键词： compositional engineering,mechanical stability,ultra-flexible detectors,perovskite photodetectors
更新于2025-09-23 15:19:57