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Fabrication of Smart Components by 3D Printing and Laser-scribing Technologies
摘要： Smart 3D printed structural components with self-monitoring ability show potential applications in some extreme environments, such as deep-water and space. Fused deposition modeling (FDM) supplies a feasible solution, however, it is still a big challenge to print structural components with high bending and stretching mechanical properties due to the weak interlayer bonding and the pores. Here, a low-cost and facile fabrication strategy of smart components combining FDM with laser-scribing technology is reported. Thin laser-induced graphene (LIG) layer (< 50 μm) can serve as the active materials of sensors, which can be obtained on the printed PEEK components. Accordingly, the PEEK-LIG smart components (PEEK-LIG SCs) can self-monitor the working process and the deformations (bidirectional bending and stretching) in real-time with high sensitivity. For instance, the gauge factor of PEEK-LIG SCs for bending outward and stretching are up to 155.36 and 212.35 (2%-5% strain), respectively. Besides, the PEEK-LIG SCs possess good reliability (> 1000 cycles), fast response time (60 ms) and recovery time (247 ms). We further show the excellent performance of PEEK-LIG smart gear in monitoring the rotation and the abrasion, indicating the wide potential applications of this strategy.
关键词： PEEK,3D printing,smart components,laser-induced graphene,sensors
更新于2025-09-12 10:27:22
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3D Diatom–Designed and Selective Laser Melting (SLM) Manufactured Metallic Structures
摘要： Diatom frustules, with their diverse three-dimensional regular silica structures and nano- to micrometer dimensions, represent perfect model systems for biomimetic fabrication of materials and devices. The structure of a frustule of the diatom Didymosphenia geminata was nondestructively visualized using nano X-ray computed tomography (XCT) and transferred into a CAD file for the first time. Subsequently, this CAD file was used as the input for an engineered object, which was manufactured by applying an additive manufacturing technique (3D Selective Laser Melting, SLM) and using titanium powder. The self-similarity of the natural and the engineered objects was verified using nano and micro XCT. The biomimetic approach described in this paper is a proof-of-concept for future developments in the scaling-up of manufacturing based on special properties of microorganisms.
关键词： Selective Laser Melting,3D printing,diatom frustules,nano-XCT,biomimetic
更新于2025-09-12 10:27:22
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Dual-Wavelength (UV and Blue) Controlled Photopolymerization Confinement for 3D-Printing: Modeling and Analysis of Measurements
摘要： The kinetics and modeling of dual-wavelength (UV and blue) controlled photopolymerization con?nement (PC) are presented and measured data are analyzed by analytic formulas and numerical data. The UV-light initiated inhibition e?ect is strongly monomer-dependent due to di?erent C=C bond rate constants and conversion e?cacies. Without the UV-light, for a given blue-light intensity, higher initiator concentration (C10) and rate constant (k’) lead to higher conversion, as also predicted by analytic formulas, in which the total conversion rate (RT) is an increasing function of C1 and k’R, which is proportional to k’[gB1C1]0.5. However, the coupling factor B1 plays a di?erent role that higher B1 leads to higher conversion only in the transient regime; whereas higher B1 leads to lower steady-state conversion. For a ?xed initiator concentration C10, higher inhibitor concentration (C20) leads to lower conversion due to a stronger inhibition e?ect. However, same conversion ? b2C20]. Conversion of blue-only are much higher than that of UV-only and UV-blue combined, in which high C20 results a strong reduction of blue-only-conversion, such that the UV-light serves as the turn-o? (trigger) mechanism for the purpose of spatial con?rmation within the overlap area of UV and blue light. For example, UV-light controlled methacrylate conversion of a glycidyl dimethacrylate resin is formulated with a tertiary amine co-initiator, and butyl nitrite. The system is subject to a continuous exposure of a blue light, but an on-o? exposure of a UV-light. Finally, we developed a theoretical new ?nding for the criterion of a good material/candidate governed by a double ratio of light-intensity and concentration, [I20C20]/[I10C10].
关键词： additive manufacturing,kinetic model,photopolymerization,dual-wavelength,spatial con?rmation,3D printing
更新于2025-09-12 10:27:22
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Bridging R2R Printed Wireless 1 Bit‐Code Generator with an Electrophoretic QR Code Acting as WORM for NFC Carrier Enabled Authentication Label
摘要： Printed electronics are challenged for showing the working concept of the roll-to-roll (R2R) printed 13.56 MHz passive radio frequency identification (RFID) tag for the application in wireless identification (ID) and authentication to prevent counterfeits with the cost of a penny. However, the concept of the penny RFID tag is not successful yet because of the major limit in integrating a number logic gates by a high throughput R2R printing method. Herein, a new way of printed electronics is developed by integrating an electrophoretic quick response (QR) code as write once read many type of memory circuitry to integrate with a R2R printed wireless 1-bit code generator. Through the electrophoretic QR code integration with the wireless 1-bit code generator, only six logic gates (12 thin film transistors) are enough to wirelessly provide 2953 bytes of authentic information by utilizing two functions of smartphone, near field communication, and camera.
关键词： R2R printing,QR code,NFC label,CMOS clock,authentication
更新于2025-09-12 10:27:22
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Melt Pool Size Control Through Multiple Closed-Loop Modalities in Laser-Wire Directed Energy Deposition of Ti-6Al-4V
摘要： Sensing and closed-loop control are critical attributes of a robust 3D printing process, such as Directed Energy Deposition (DED), in which it is necessary to manage geometry, material properties, and residual stress and distortion. The present research demonstrates multiple modes of closed-loop melt pool size control in laser-wire based DED, a form of large-scale metal additive manufacturing. First, real-time closed-loop melt pool size control through laser power modulation was demonstrated for intralayer control of bead geometry. Aspects such as controller tuning, response time, interaction with primary process variables, and disturbance rejection are presented. Next, an interlayer trend in laser power during the printing of layered components was documented, which inspired the development of novel modes of control. A controller that modulates print speed and deposition rate on a per-layer basis was developed and demonstrated, enabling the control of either average melt pool size alone or average laser power in coordination with real-time melt pool size control. This work demonstrates that accumulated heat in components under construction can be exploited to maintain process stability as print speed and deposition rate are automatically increased under closed-loop control. This has major implications for overall production efficiency. Control modes are characterized in terms of their effect on local bead geometry, global part geometry, and interlayer effect on energy density, among other factors.
关键词： Directed Energy Deposition,Monitoring,Metal,Closed-Loop,3D Printing,Ti-6Al-4V,Lasers,Control,Additive Manufacturing,Melt Pool
更新于2025-09-12 10:27:22
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Photo-Cross-Linkable Polymer Inks for Solution-Based OLED Fabrication
摘要： We introduce a catalyst-free, highly e?cient, ambient temperature Diels?Alder reaction employing o-methylbenzaldehyde derivatives as photocaged dienes as an ideal approach for forming three-dimensional insoluble networks for inkjet printing of OLED emissive layer. Herein, poly(methyl methacrylate) based polymers containing 4-(9H-carbazol-9-yl)-2-(3′-hydroxy-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3-yl)isoindoline-1,3-dione as a blue-green (λ max = 495?500 nm) thermally activated delayed ?uorescence (TADF) emitter and a photochemically active maleimide/o-methylbenzaldehyde cross-linker couple were synthesized and their photo-cross-linking behavior was studied. Time resolved ?uorescence measurements con?rm that the TADF properties are maintained upon integration in a polymer network and HOMO/LUMO levels of the emitter species remain unchanged by the photo-cross-linking at 365 nm of the polymer chains. The network formation of the ?uorescent ?lms is evidenced by solvent resistance tests and monitored by Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy as well as time of ?ight secondary ion mass spectroscopy (ToF-SIMS), showing the consumption of maleimide and o-methylbenzaldehyde groups with increasing irradiation time. The surface roughness is investigated via atomic force microscopy (AFM) and found to be unchanged by a solvent wash after the cross-linking. Furthermore, con?rmation that the polymer solution can be printed on an inkjet-printer and subsequently photo-cross-linked for multilayer OLED device fabrication is obtained.
关键词： photo-cross-linking,TADF emitter,polymer network,Diels?Alder reaction,inkjet printing,OLED
更新于2025-09-12 10:27:22
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Plasmonic Metamaterial Gels with Spatially Patterned Orientational Order via 3D Printing
摘要： Optical properties can be programmed on mesoscopic scales by patterning host materials while ordering their nanoparticle inclusions. While liquid crystals are often used to define the ordering of nanoparticles dispersed within them, this approach is typically limited to liquid crystals confined in classic geometries. In this work, the orientational order that liquid crystalline colloidal hosts impose on anisotropic nanoparticle inclusions is combined with an additive manufacturing method that enables engineered, macroscopic three-dimensional (3D) patterns of co-aligned gold nanorods and cellulose nanocrystals. These gels exhibit polarization-dependent plasmonic properties that emerge from the unique interaction between the host medium’s anisotropic optical properties defined by orientationally ordered cellulose nanocrystals, from the liquid crystal’s gold nanorod inclusions, and from the complexity of spatial patterns accessed with 3D printing. The gels’ optical properties that are defined by the interplay of these effects are tuned by controlling the gels’ order, which is tuned by adjusting the gels’ cellulose nanocrystal concentrations. Lithe optical responsiveness of these composite gels to polarized radiation may enable unique technological applications like polarization-sensitive optical elements.
关键词： liquid crystals,optical properties,nanoparticles,plasmonic properties,cellulose nanocrystals,gold nanorods,3D printing
更新于2025-09-12 10:27:22
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Manipulating nanoscale structure to control functionality in printed organic photovoltaic, transistor and bioelectronic devices
摘要： Printed electronics is simultaneously one of the most intensely studied emerging research areas today. For the past decade the potential for organic electronic materials to revolutionize this printed electronics space has been widely promoted. Such conviction in the potential of these carbon-based semiconducting materials arises from their ability to be dissolved in solution, and thus the exciting possibility of simply printing a range of multifunctional devices onto flexible substrates at high speeds for very low cost using standard roll-to-roll printing techniques. However, the transition from promising laboratory innovations to large scale prototypes requires precise control of nanoscale material and device structure across large areas during printing fabrication. Maintaining this nanoscale material control during printing presents a significant new challenge that demands the coupling of organic electronic materials and devices with clever nanoscience fabrication approaches that are adapted to the limited thermodynamic levers available. In this review we present an update on the strategies and capabilities that are required in order to manipulate the nanoscale structure of large area printed organic photovoltaic, transistor and bioelectronic devices in order to control their device functionality. This discussion covers a range of efforts to manipulate the electroactive ink materials and their nanostructured assembly into devices, and also device processing strategies to tune the nanoscale material properties and assembly routes through printing fabrication. The ability to control material properties on the nanoscale whilst simultaneously printing functional devices on the square metre scale is prompting a feedback loop between laboratory nanoscience innovations and their feasibility in adapting to large scale printing fabrication. The review finishes by highlighting progress in printed organic electronic devices that provide a pathway towards innovative developments in the targeted nanoscience required for organic photovoltaic, transistor and biofunctional devices.
关键词： organic electronics,biocompatible,printing,large area,nanostructure,semiconductors
更新于2025-09-12 10:27:22
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Exploring chemical interaction between Diiodooctane and PEDOT-PSS electrode for metal electrode-free non-fullerene organic solar cells
摘要： Metal electrode-free organic solar cells with printable top electrode are attractive to realize the low cost of photovoltaics. Interaction between the printable electrode and active layer is critical to the device performance. In this work, we report on chemical interaction between printable polymer electrode poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrenesulfonate) and typically used additive of 1,8-Dioodooctane (DIO) in active layer. DIO can be converted to HI under the acidic condition of PEDOT:PSS, and the HI chemically reduces the PEDOT:PSS with the appearance of absorbance band at 800-1100 nm. The generation of I2 is verified by the color change of starch. The reaction results in decrease of its work function that hinders the efficient hole collection. A strategy is proposed to circumvent the detrimental interaction by inserting an ultrathin (15 nm) active layer without DIO between the initial active layer and PEDOT:PSS electrode. A power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 10.1% is achieved for the metal electrode-free non-fullerene organic solar cells.
关键词： PEDOT:PSS,1,8-Diiodooctane,chemical interaction,water transfer printing,organic solar cell,non-fullerene
更新于2025-09-12 10:27:22
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A compact LED-based projection microstereolithography for producing 3D microstructures
摘要： projection microstereolithography (pμSL) is a promising additive manufacturing technique due to its low cost, accuracy, speed, and also the diversity of the materials that it can use. Recently it has shown great potentials in various applications such as microfluidics, tissue engineering, micro-optics, biomedical microdevices, and so on. However, studies on pμSL are still ongoing in terms of the quality and accuracy of the construction process, which particularly affect the fabrication of complex 3D microstructures and make it attractive enough to be considered for commercial applications. in this paper, a compact LeD-based pμSL 3D printer for the fabrication of 3D microstructures was developed, and the effective parameters that influence the quality of construction were thoroughly investigated and optimized. Accordingly, a customized optical system, including illumination optics and projection optics, was designed using optical engineering principles. This custom 3D printer was proposed for the pμSL process, which besides improving the quality of construction, led to the reduction of the size of the device, its cost-effectiveness, and the repeatability of its performance. To demonstrate the performance of the fabricated device, a variety of complex 3D microstructures such as porous, hollow, helical, and self-support microstructures were constructed. in addition, the repeatability of the device was assessed by fabricating microstructure arrays. the device performance showed that the lateral accuracy of printing was better than 5 μm, and the smallest thickness of the printed layer was 1 μm. Moreover, the maximum printable size of the device was 6.4 mm × 4 mm × 40 mm.
关键词： additive manufacturing,projection microstereolithography,optical engineering,microstructures,3D printing
更新于2025-09-12 10:27:22