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- 摘要
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- 实验方案
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Resonant Metagratings for Spectral and Angular Control of Light for Colored Rooftop Photovoltaics
摘要： We design semi-transparent metagrating supercells that enable control over the spectrum and directivity of incident light for applications in photovoltaics with tailored angular appearance. The building block of the supercells is a 110-120 nm wide and 175 nm tall silicon nanowire that shows a strong Mie resonance around λ= 650 nm. By arranging the resonant Mie scatterers into metagratings of increasing pitch (675-1300 nm) we create a Lambertian-like scattering distribution over an angular range of choice. The millimeter-sized metasurfaces were fabricated using electron beam lithography and reactive ion etching. The fabricated metasurface nearly fully suppress specular reflection on resonance while 10% of the incoming light around the resonance is scattered into the angular range between 30-75°, creating a bright red appearance over this specific range of angles. Off-resonant light in the blue, green and near-infrared is efficiently transmitted through the metasurface and absorbed in the underlying photovoltaic cell. The implemented silicon heterojunction solar cells with integrated metagrating supercells show a reduction in external quantum efficiency matching the resonant scattering spectral range. The short circuit current is reduced by 13% due to the combined effects of resonant scattering, reflection from the high-index substrate and absorption in the Si nanowires. In addition, to efficient colorful photovoltaics with tailored angular appearance, the metagrating concept can find application in many other light management designs for photovoltaics and other opto-electronic devices.
关键词： light management,metasurface,Mie resonators,BIPV,silicon nanoparticles,colored photovoltaics,transparent metagratings,solar cells
更新于2025-09-19 17:13:59
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Facade Integrated Photovoltaic, state of the art of Experimental Methodology
摘要： The concept of Building-integrated Photovoltaics (BIPV) is one of the most promising strategies to employ clean energy in the built environment. Up to now, the PVs have been applied mostly on roofs, but since the total roof area is insufficient, there is a need to integrate photovoltaics on building fa?ades as well. This challenges not only the architectural design of a single building but also the visual image of urban environment, as photovoltaics have to harmonize with conventional building materials used on building facades as brick, concrete, wood, etc. Aiming to provide a foundation for research exploring facade-integration methods that will ensure successful architectural result, the paper presents a state of the art on fa?ade integrated photovoltaics (FIPV) with focus on the experimental research methodology. It embraces both, theoretical research and PVs applications in building projects. As pure computer simulations are not recognized as an experimental methodology, papers conveying such generated results have not been included. In addition, the research that deals exclusively with energy aspects is omitted. The study is based on a comprehensive literature review. Advanced experimental methodologies from selected literature are described and categorized according to the scale (building or urban) and the transparency of the PVs (opaque or translucent). Then detailed features of PV experimental methods are demonstrated in structured tables for analysis and discussion. The study shows that even though solid scientific methods are used to evaluate single features of PVs, e.g. colour or reflectance, there is an obvious lack of methodology providing holistic assessment of Fa?ade-integrated Photovoltaics, especially at the urban scale. The further research will lead toward developing of evaluation criteria framework (in interdisciplinary cooperation) and then provide a holistic methodology combining qualitative and quantitative methods for a successful FIPVs in urban context.
关键词： fa?ade,experimental methodology,architectural perspective,urban context,BIPV
更新于2025-09-19 17:13:59
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Stress mitigation for adhesively bonded photovoltaics with fibre reinforced polymer composites in load carrying applications
摘要： Structural loads, especially in-plane compression, may cause local buckling and debonding of the photovoltaic (PV) cells that are mechanically integrated with structural members and this may lead to degradation in their electrical performance. This paper proposes an approach to mitigate the strains transferred from structural members to PV cells through the partial composite action provided by low-modulus adhesives. Specimens were fabricated by bonding amorphous silicon (a-Si) PV cells to glass fibre reinforced polymer (GFRP) structural components by an adhesive layer of 0.5- or 2.0-mm thickness. Two types of adhesives were used including a two-part rigid epoxy adhesive and a low-modulus silicone adhesive. These integrations were then submitted to in-plane compressive loadings. PV cells bonded by the silicone adhesive showed no damages during loading. While for PV cells bonded by epoxy adhesives, obvious electrical performance degradations were observed, when the strain reached 0.62% or 0.23% for specimens bonded by epoxy with a layer thickness of 0.5 mm or 2.0 mm respectively. Debonding and local-buckling of the PV cells were also witnessed. Theoretical analysis was conducted to understand the strain mitigation of the adhesive as a result of the induced partial composite action. Results demonstrate that such strain differences between the GFRP and the bonded PV cell are dominated by the shear modulus and thickness of the adhesive layer as well as elastic modulus, thickness and length of the PV cell. The theoretical analysis was validated by finite element (FE) modelling and design suggestions are provided accordingly.
关键词： Building integrated photovoltaics (BIPV),Solar cell,Compression,Bonding,Adhesive,Composite action,Fibre reinforced polymer composites
更新于2025-09-16 10:30:52
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Electrical system architectures for building-integrated photovoltaics: A comparative analysis using a modelling framework in Modelica
摘要： Building integrated photovoltaic (BIPV) systems may be catalyzers of sustainable, near-zero energy buildings. To maximize the benefits of employing BIPV, it is important to integrate them properly into the grid of the building. The discussion on AC versus DC distribution for microgrid and nanogrid backbones is currently revisited as the level of penetration of renewable sources, electric vehicles and DC loads is constantly increasing. This paper tackles this question and provides guidelines using a validated simulation framework. The study compares DC (48 V and 380 V) and AC (230 V/50 Hz) topologies integrated into a ten-story office building with fa?ade-integrated BIPV. Annual simulations are carried out for five locations with different climatic conditions and comparisons are made in terms of system- and component-level efficiency, system losses, self-sufficiency, self-consumption and CO2 emission. The analysis shows that the DC topologies perform better than the AC one, especially for the locations with high solar energy yield compared to the cooling and heating loads. Further, a parametric analysis is performed to determine the optimal sizing of the building grid components, DC and AC alike. Finally, different scenarios of battery energy storage system capacity are examined in order to test the sensitivity of the performed analysis.
关键词： Modelica,Building-Integrated Photovoltaics (BIPV),Electrical configuration,Modelling,Building energy simulation
更新于2025-09-16 10:30:52
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Community Solar as an Innovative Business Model for Building-Integrated?Photovoltaics An Experimental Analysis with Swiss Electricity Consumers
摘要： A currently pertinent research challenge is to find ways to keep the growth rate of solar power at a high level. The adoption of new technologies, such as building-integrated photovoltaics (BIPV), but also new and innovative business models such as community solar, have both been identified as relevant drivers. However, the adoption of BIPV is still encountering numerous barriers that hinder its more widespread deployment within the solar PV market. The goal of this research effort was to assess whether community solar as a successful business model for the adoption of conventional solar PV could be equally promising in relation to the further adoption of BIPV. For this purpose, we conducted an experimental survey (n=413) to compare customers‘ willingness to buy a community solar offer exclusively associated with BIPV to a community solar offer solely designed with conventional rooftop solar PV. Our results revealed no significant difference between willingness to buy based on our experimental treatment (BIPV vs. conventional PV), indicating that community solar can be a successful distribution channel for the further adoption of BIPV. As findings about specific business models for BIPV are rare, our research creates an important foundation upon which policy makers and project developers can build.
关键词： community solar,PV adoption,experiment,building integrated PV (BIPV)
更新于2025-09-16 10:30:52
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Bifacial, Color-Tunable Semitransparent Perovskite Solar Cells for Building-Integrated Photovoltaics
摘要： Recently, semitransparent perovskite solar cells (ST-PSCs) have received overwhelming attention due to their potential applications in building integrated photovoltaics (BIPV) and in tandem solar cells. The best ST-PSCs, despite the high efficiency achieved, still show limited bifacial properties and lack aesthetic properties. Here, we have demonstrated efficient bifacial colorful ST-PSCs using copper thiocyanate (CuSCN), as hole transporting material, in a n-i-p architecture. The n-i-p ST-PSCs exhibit the highest reported bifacial factor of 93.7% and achieved a bifacial equivalent efficiency of 22.1% when illuminated under 1-sun standard conditions on the front side and with a reflected albedo of ~ 54.4% from the back side. We have also demonstrated that the colorful appearance of CuSCN based ST-PSCs can be easily tuned across the entire visible spectrum by tuning the ITO (or CuSCN) thickness without affecting their final efficiency. The wide colorful tunability and excellent bifacial photovoltaic behavior of CuSCN based ST-PSCs make them a promising candidate for BIPV applications.
关键词： colorful perovskite solar cell,semi-transparent perovskite solar cell,perovskite,BIPV,bifacial solar cell
更新于2025-09-12 10:27:22
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Dynamic simulation, energy and economic comparison between BIPV and BIPVT collectors coupled with micro-wind turbines
摘要： The work presents a dynamic simulation and an energy and economic analysis of two different Building Integrated Solar Technologies, namely: Building Integrated PhotoVoltaic (BIPV) collectors and Building Integrated hybrid PhotoVoltaic-Thermal (BIPVT) collectors. Both systems are coupled with small size Wind Turbines (WTs), to reduce the fluctuations of power production typical of solar systems. A case study is presented, referred to a hotel building, where a reversible air-to-water Heat Pump (HP) is used for space heating and cooling, driven by the electric energy provided by PV collectors and WTs. In order to optimize the HP performance in cooling mode, thermal energy is recovered from the HP desuperheater and used to produce domestic hot water (DHW). A two-stage cascade cycle HP for DHW purposes was also investigated, as a further alternative. The systems were simulated by means of a dynamic simulation model, developed in TRNSYS. The results show that the BIPV-based system is more profitable than the BIPVT one, achieving a simple payback period of about 4.5 years; for both systems, the optimum size of the WT system, for a given area of PV collectors, was also investigated.
关键词： dynamic simulation,micro-wind turbine,BIPV,BIPVT,heat pump
更新于2025-09-12 10:27:22
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Thermal regulation of PV fa?ade integrated with thin-film solar cells through a naturally ventilated open air channel
摘要： Thermal regulation of photovoltaic fa?ade through passive air channel provides a cost effective measure for improving solar to electrical energy conversion efficiency. This study presents a 2D numerical investigation of the fluid flow and heat transfer characteristics of natural convection driven by buoyancy force inside the passive cooling air channel created by two vertical parallel walls. One wall is heated by absorbed heat by photovoltaic (PV) cells from solar radiation. Numerical solutions for open and closed channel are obtained for the channel of 1.05 m in height and 0.16 m in width, respectively. The natural convective cooling effect on the PV cells for different ventilation strategies were examined considering the surface temperature of PV panels. It is found that the maximum surface temperature reaches 57.1 oC for closed channel, 49.1 oC for opened channel. Opened channel behind the PV panel is an economic way of heat releasing for the benefit of PV power generation. However, other issues such as noise control and cleaning difficulty may also be encountered by fa?ade designers. At the same time, understanding the mechanisms involved in the fluid flow and heat transfer in the channel back the PV panel through examining the pressure distribution along the cavity is required and equally important for the design improvements of PV fa?ade especially for the design of the air channel entrance to lower its pressure drop.
关键词： Ventilated and closed PV facade,Building integrated photovoltaic (BIPV),Convective heat transfer
更新于2025-09-12 10:27:22
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Integrability assessment methodology for building integrated photovoltaics: concept and application
摘要： The existing evaluation of Building Integrated Photovoltaic systems (BIPV), limit to the system’s electrical performance, similar to conventional PV ground-mounted systems. BIPV has to deliver on both the roles of the society, building and PV alike while catering to the needs of economically. The current paper introduces the concept of Integrability, which is an attempt towards a holistic approach in evaluating BIPV systems. Integrability Methodology for BIPV evaluation has been proposed, for urban localities, which can be adopted for various PV configurations, building typologies and climatic zones. An Integrability Index has also been devised, considering various building performance factors, to evaluate and compare the performance of BIPV structures. The methodology has been applied to a 5.25 kWp BIPV system and the index has been computed to be 0.17 (on a scale of 0–1) and the various strategies that improve the index (up to 0.56) have also been discussed.
关键词： climate-responsiveness,Integrability,performance ratio,BIPV,thermal comfort
更新于2025-09-12 10:27:22
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Status, barriers and perspectives of building integrated photovoltaic systems
摘要： Many countries apply measures for the limitation of the conventional energy technologies and try to expand the use of renewables. As the building sector accounts for almost 40% of the energy consumption in Europe, building integrated photovoltaic (BIPV) systems gain peoples’ interest lately concerning the replacement of the conventional construction materials of the buildings envelope with photovoltaic (PV) panels which can serve at the same time as construction material and energy producer. The aim of this study is to present an overview of the available published research on the BIPV systems and identify the barriers and risks associated with the application of BIPV and discuss the future perspectives and solutions through recommendations for future research and development. The most important barriers of the BIPV systems are the feed in tariff implementation, the public acceptance, the governmental economic support in terms of subsidies and technical aspects like the power losses and the architectural considerations. The future perspectives of the BIPV systems proposed are based on the barriers discussed. It is stated that new solutions in the PV industry are many and various and there is room for improvement regarding design, configuration, ventilation, positioning, guidelines, monitoring and performance prediction. In total, more than 100 articles have been identified and analysed since 2000. Many of these articles have a predominant focus on the investigation of the performance of the system, and the ventilation of the PV panels in BIPV applications for electricity production, due to the negative role of the temperature on PVs electrical efficiency, and the heat transfer behavior of the system. This paper shows that although research in the adoption of BIPV systems in terms of their performance and optimization is fairly new, it has gained attention in the last decades. However, their practical applications have been slow in comparison with the conventional rack-mounted PV panels.
关键词： BIPV/T,Building integration,PV,Barriers,BIPV,Perspectives
更新于2025-09-11 14:15:04