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Advances in Microclimate Ecology Arising from Remote Sensing
摘要： Microclimates at the land–air interface affect the physiological functioning of organisms which, in turn, influences the structure, composition, and functioning of ecosystems. We review how remote sensing technologies that deliver detailed data about the structure and thermal composition of environments are improving the assessment of microclimate over space and time. Mapping landscape-level heterogeneity of microclimate advances our ability to study how organisms respond to climate variation, which has important implications for understanding climate-change impacts on biodiversity and ecosystems. Interpolating microclimate measurements and downscaling macroclimate provides an organism-centered perspective for studying climate–species interactions and species distribution dynamics. We envisage that mapping of microclimate will soon become commonplace, enabling more reliable predictions of species and ecosystem responses to global change.
关键词： microclimate,ecology,vegetation structure,climate change,remote sensing,biodiversity,thermal imaging,LiDAR
更新于2025-09-23 15:22:29
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Estimating below‐canopy light regimes using airborne laser scanning: An application to plant community analysis
摘要： Light is a key driver of forest biodiversity and functioning. Light regimes beneath tree canopies are mainly driven by the solar angle, topography, and vegetation structure, whose three‐dimensional complexity creates heterogeneous light conditions that are challenging to quantify, especially across large areas. Remotely sensed canopy structure data from airborne laser scanning (ALS) provide outstanding opportunities for advancement in this respect. We used ALS point clouds and a digital terrain model to produce hemispherical photographs from which we derived indices of nondirectional diffuse skylight and direct sunlight reaching the understory. We validated our approach by comparing the performance of these indices, as well as canopy closure (CCl) and canopy cover (CCo), for explaining the light conditions experienced by forest plant communities, as indicated by the Landolt indicator values for light (Llight) from 43 vegetation surveys along an elevational gradient. We applied variation partitioning to analyze how the independent and joint statistical effects of light, macro‐climate, and soil on the spatial variation in plant species composition (i.e., turnover, Simpson dissimilarity, βSIM) depend on light approximation methodology. Diffuse light explained Llight best, followed by direct light, CCl and CCo (R2 = .31, .23, .22, and .22, respectively). The combination of diffuse and direct light improved the model performance for βSIM compared with CCl and CCo (R2 = .30, .27 and .24, respectively). The independent effect of macroclimate on βSIM dropped from an R2 of .15 to .10 when diffuse light and direct light were included. The ALS methods presented here outperform conventional approximations of below‐canopy light conditions, which can now efficiently be quantified along entire horizontal and vertical forest gradients, even in topographically complex environments such as mountains. The effect of macroclimate on forest plant communities is prone to be overestimated if local light regimes and associated microclimates are not accurately accounted for.
关键词： canopy structure,forest biodiversity,remote sensing,light availability,microclimate,Ellenberg indicator value,beta diversity,hemispherical photography,biodiversity,airborne light detection and ranging LiDAR
更新于2025-09-11 14:15:04
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[Advances in Ecological Research] Mechanisms underlying the relationship between biodiversity and ecosystem function Volume 61 || Terrestrial laser scanning reveals temporal changes in biodiversity mechanisms driving grassland productivity
摘要： Biodiversity often enhances ecosystem functioning likely due to multiple, often temporarily separated drivers. Yet, most studies are based on one or two snapshot measurements per year. We estimated productivity using bi-weekly estimates of high-resolution canopy height in 2 years with terrestrial laser scanning (TLS) in a grassland diversity experiment. We measured how different facets of plant diversity (functional dispersion [FDis], functional identity [PCA species scores], and species richness [SR]) predict aboveground biomass over time. We found strong intra- and inter-annual variability in the relative importance of different mechanisms underlying the diversity effects on mean canopy height, i.e., resource partitioning (via FDis) and identity effects (via species scores), respectively. TLS is a promising tool to quantify community development non-destructively and to unravel the temporal dynamics of biodiversity-ecosystem functioning mechanisms. Our results show that harvesting at estimated peak biomass—as done in most grassland experiments—may miss important variation in underlying mechanisms driving cumulative biomass production.
关键词： functional diversity,functional identity,ecosystem functioning,Biodiversity,species richness,grassland,terrestrial laser scanning
更新于2025-09-11 14:15:04
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Detecting prairie biodiversity with airborne remote sensing
摘要： This study assessed the application of airborne imaging spectroscopy to monitor α-diversity in restored grassland plots. The study site was located within the Central Platte River ecosystem, south of Wood River in Central Nebraska, USA, and consisted of two sets of plots (young and old). Exotic species had recently invaded the old plots, confounding the original study design, while the young plots did not have significant invasion by weeds, reflecting the original study design. We used spectral variation (i.e. spectral diversity, expressed as the coefficient of variation) as a proxy for α-diversity (expressed as species richness and Shannon index). Airborne data collected at two flight altitudes and two flight directions tested the validity of “spectral diversity-α-diversity” relationship at different sampling scales and flight directions. Our results showed a strong relationship between spectral diversity and α-diversity in young, non-invaded plots exhibiting strong differences in α-diversity. However, in the old, invaded plots, the spectral diversity-α-diversity relationship was non-significant. Factors likely contributing to this failure in the old plots included the spatial mismatch between airborne and field-based sampling, the convergence in diversity levels over time, and the unique reflectance signatures of the invasive species related to their different structural and phenological properties. Unlike previous airborne studies in manipulated experimental prairie plots, but similar to results in more natural settings, the strong spectral diversity-α-diversity relationship in the young plots remained even at the spatial resolution of 1 m, demonstrating the potential of airborne remote sensing to assess diversity patterns in prairie grasslands. These findings demonstrate the importance of experimental remote sensing in evaluating spectral diversity, and provide insight for the development of operational airborne methods to assess biodiversity.
关键词： Spectral diversity,Airborne remote sensing,Spatial scale,Biodiversity,Invasion,α-Diversity,Restored prairie
更新于2025-09-10 09:29:36
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Closing the gap between camera trap software development and the user community
摘要： Like many technological advances in the modern era, camera traps present both an exciting opportunity and a host of unforeseen challenges. One critical challenge is processing the large numbers of images/videos from camera traps efficiently and accurately such that resultant data can be analysed, stored and shared with others. Recognising this need, several biologist teams have developed software to meet their own project requirements, but no one package has been developed to meet the diverse array of requirements of the global research community. We combined an online user survey (N = 67) and literature review to create a list of 42 desired features in five categories. We tested six freely available specialist camera trap software and three nonspecialist image viewer software packages against these criteria. Users were most interested in data processing efficiency and automation features (37 of 84 requests). Seven user‐requested features were not available in any of the software we tested. Thirty‐two unique requests indicated the importance of software flexibility, contrasting with growing calls for standardization in the literature. We suggest involving the global user community, current software developers and computer scientists in an inclusive, planned approach to addressing arguably the greatest challenge facing camera trap‐based research today.
关键词： wildlife research,biodiversity monitoring,camera trap,conservation technology,data processing software
更新于2025-09-09 09:28:46
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[IEEE IGARSS 2018 - 2018 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium - Valencia, Spain (2018.7.22-2018.7.27)] IGARSS 2018 - 2018 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium - Spectral Identification of Native and Non-Native Plant Species for Biodiversity Assessments
摘要： Invasive species are one of the main drivers of biodiversity loss. In the past decade, the development of environmental spectroscopy, both field spectrometers and airborne imaging spectrometers, has allowed progress in identifying individual species from remote sensing data. However, use of environmental spectroscopy for species identification needs understanding at a more fundamental level, especially the development of generalized methodologies and rules for detection and mapping, which is an area of active research today. These issues will be explored using examples from a wide range of habitats and site conditions, towards the development of a robust methodology to identify native and non-native species.
关键词： invasive species,ecosystem function,biodiversity,assessment,hyperspectral
更新于2025-09-09 09:28:46