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Determination of economically optimised building integrated photovoltaic systems for utilisation on facades in the tropical climate: A case study of Colombo, Sri Lanka
摘要： Building integrated photovoltaics (BIPV) are becoming a viable solution for clean on-site energy production and utilisation to combat the existing energy crisis. In tropical climates, although rooftops are ideal for photovoltaic (PV) module integration, the available area may be insufficient to meet building energy demand due to the recent high-rise nature of urban buildings, causing a requirement for the utilisation of facades. However, the high angle of solar elevation means that facades are unfavourably oriented towards receiving incident solar irradiation. In addition, the issue exists of high solar heat gains into built spaces. This paper proposes a method to utilise horizontally inclined photovoltaic modules integrated on solar shading devices in order to combat these issues of unfavourable inclination and solar heat gains in commercial office buildings in Colombo, Sri Lanka. Various strategies are introduced and evaluated in terms of their inclination angles and the distance between installations. The results are analysed in terms of economic potential in order to determine which strategies are capable of producing the most electricity and reducing building cooling loads for the lowest installation costs. The results show that horizontal inclinations of PV on facades are capable of generating nearly 8% more electricity as a percentage of the building energy consumption when compared with traditional vertical PV facade installations.
关键词： facades,office building,photovoltaic integrated shading systems,building integrated photovoltaics,optimisation
更新于2025-09-16 10:30:52
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Electrical system architectures for building-integrated photovoltaics: A comparative analysis using a modelling framework in Modelica
摘要： Building integrated photovoltaic (BIPV) systems may be catalyzers of sustainable, near-zero energy buildings. To maximize the benefits of employing BIPV, it is important to integrate them properly into the grid of the building. The discussion on AC versus DC distribution for microgrid and nanogrid backbones is currently revisited as the level of penetration of renewable sources, electric vehicles and DC loads is constantly increasing. This paper tackles this question and provides guidelines using a validated simulation framework. The study compares DC (48 V and 380 V) and AC (230 V/50 Hz) topologies integrated into a ten-story office building with fa?ade-integrated BIPV. Annual simulations are carried out for five locations with different climatic conditions and comparisons are made in terms of system- and component-level efficiency, system losses, self-sufficiency, self-consumption and CO2 emission. The analysis shows that the DC topologies perform better than the AC one, especially for the locations with high solar energy yield compared to the cooling and heating loads. Further, a parametric analysis is performed to determine the optimal sizing of the building grid components, DC and AC alike. Finally, different scenarios of battery energy storage system capacity are examined in order to test the sensitivity of the performed analysis.
关键词： Modelica,Building-Integrated Photovoltaics (BIPV),Electrical configuration,Modelling,Building energy simulation
更新于2025-09-16 10:30:52
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An Image-Based Gamut Analysis of Translucent Digital Ceramic Prints for Coloured Photovoltaic Modules
摘要： Colouring the frontglass of photovoltaic (PV) modules via digital ceramic printing aids in concealing the PV modules when integrated into existing building fa?ades as building-integrated photovoltaics (BIPV), while admitting sufficient light to produce electricity. This promotes the visual acceptance and adoption of PV modules as a source of renewable energy in urban environments. The effective colour of the PV laminate is a combination of the transparent colour on glass and the colour of the PV cells. This colour should ideally match the architect’s visual expectations in terms of fidelity, but also in terms of relative PV efficiency as a function of print density. In practice, these requirements are often contradictory, particularly for vivid colours, and the visual results may deviate significantly. This paper presents an objective analysis of how colours appear on ceramically printed frontglass when laminated with a PV module, using an image-based colour acquisition process. Given a set of 1044 nominal colours uniformly distributed in the RGB colour space, each printed in 10 opacities, we quantify the range of effective colours observed when printed on glass and combined with a PV module, and their deviation from the nominals. Our results confirm that the effective colour gamuts are significantly constrained and skewed, depending on the ink volume and glass finish used for printing. In particular, blue–magenta hues cannot be reliably rendered with this process. These insights can serve as guidelines for selecting target colours for BIPV that can be well approximated in practice.
关键词： colour gamut,colour difference,digital ceramic printing,building integrated photovoltaics
更新于2025-09-16 10:30:52
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Stress mitigation for adhesively bonded photovoltaics with fibre reinforced polymer composites in load carrying applications
摘要： Structural loads, especially in-plane compression, may cause local buckling and debonding of the photovoltaic (PV) cells that are mechanically integrated with structural members and this may lead to degradation in their electrical performance. This paper proposes an approach to mitigate the strains transferred from structural members to PV cells through the partial composite action provided by low-modulus adhesives. Specimens were fabricated by bonding amorphous silicon (a-Si) PV cells to glass fibre reinforced polymer (GFRP) structural components by an adhesive layer of 0.5- or 2.0-mm thickness. Two types of adhesives were used including a two-part rigid epoxy adhesive and a low-modulus silicone adhesive. These integrations were then submitted to in-plane compressive loadings. PV cells bonded by the silicone adhesive showed no damages during loading. While for PV cells bonded by epoxy adhesives, obvious electrical performance degradations were observed, when the strain reached 0.62% or 0.23% for specimens bonded by epoxy with a layer thickness of 0.5 mm or 2.0 mm respectively. Debonding and local-buckling of the PV cells were also witnessed. Theoretical analysis was conducted to understand the strain mitigation of the adhesive as a result of the induced partial composite action. Results demonstrate that such strain differences between the GFRP and the bonded PV cell are dominated by the shear modulus and thickness of the adhesive layer as well as elastic modulus, thickness and length of the PV cell. The theoretical analysis was validated by finite element (FE) modelling and design suggestions are provided accordingly.
关键词： Building integrated photovoltaics (BIPV),Solar cell,Compression,Bonding,Adhesive,Composite action,Fibre reinforced polymer composites
更新于2025-09-16 10:30:52
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Community Solar as an Innovative Business Model for Building-Integrated?Photovoltaics An Experimental Analysis with Swiss Electricity Consumers
摘要： A currently pertinent research challenge is to find ways to keep the growth rate of solar power at a high level. The adoption of new technologies, such as building-integrated photovoltaics (BIPV), but also new and innovative business models such as community solar, have both been identified as relevant drivers. However, the adoption of BIPV is still encountering numerous barriers that hinder its more widespread deployment within the solar PV market. The goal of this research effort was to assess whether community solar as a successful business model for the adoption of conventional solar PV could be equally promising in relation to the further adoption of BIPV. For this purpose, we conducted an experimental survey (n=413) to compare customers‘ willingness to buy a community solar offer exclusively associated with BIPV to a community solar offer solely designed with conventional rooftop solar PV. Our results revealed no significant difference between willingness to buy based on our experimental treatment (BIPV vs. conventional PV), indicating that community solar can be a successful distribution channel for the further adoption of BIPV. As findings about specific business models for BIPV are rare, our research creates an important foundation upon which policy makers and project developers can build.
关键词： community solar,PV adoption,experiment,building integrated PV (BIPV)
更新于2025-09-16 10:30:52
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Thermal regulation of PV fa?ade integrated with thin-film solar cells through a naturally ventilated open air channel
摘要： Thermal regulation of photovoltaic fa?ade through passive air channel provides a cost effective measure for improving solar to electrical energy conversion efficiency. This study presents a 2D numerical investigation of the fluid flow and heat transfer characteristics of natural convection driven by buoyancy force inside the passive cooling air channel created by two vertical parallel walls. One wall is heated by absorbed heat by photovoltaic (PV) cells from solar radiation. Numerical solutions for open and closed channel are obtained for the channel of 1.05 m in height and 0.16 m in width, respectively. The natural convective cooling effect on the PV cells for different ventilation strategies were examined considering the surface temperature of PV panels. It is found that the maximum surface temperature reaches 57.1 oC for closed channel, 49.1 oC for opened channel. Opened channel behind the PV panel is an economic way of heat releasing for the benefit of PV power generation. However, other issues such as noise control and cleaning difficulty may also be encountered by fa?ade designers. At the same time, understanding the mechanisms involved in the fluid flow and heat transfer in the channel back the PV panel through examining the pressure distribution along the cavity is required and equally important for the design improvements of PV fa?ade especially for the design of the air channel entrance to lower its pressure drop.
关键词： Ventilated and closed PV facade,Building integrated photovoltaic (BIPV),Convective heat transfer
更新于2025-09-12 10:27:22
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Study on the matching of thermal load characteristics and photovoltaic power control in typical buildings
摘要： For the Local Heat Island Effect in the building, the connection between the spatial and temporal distribution of passenger flow and heat load characteristics of the building was analyzed, and then the required cooling load at any time in each area was solved by using the functional relationship. Furthermore, the matching strategy of cooling load and photovoltaic power in the building was proposed and verified by simulation example. Due to the above method, the distribution of cooling load in space and time was rationally controlled and photovoltaic accommodation was effectively improved. At last, the problem of the contradiction between energy supply and demand of the typical building was resolved so building-integrated photovoltaic was implemented.
关键词： refrigeration load,photovoltaic accommodation,thermal load characteristics,building-integrated photovoltaic
更新于2025-09-12 10:27:22
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Building integrated photovoltaic modules and the integration of phase change materials for equatorial applications
摘要： The performance of building integrated photovoltaic (BIPV) system depends on the geographical location and the incident angle of solar radiation. In this paper, a simple mathematical model has been developed to predict the performance of BIPV modules with and without phase change material (PCM). The effect of transmittance of the BIPV glass cover is studied with respect to incident solar radiation. The performance curves, annual energy and exergy gains are analysed for hot and humid climatic conditions of Kovilpatti (9°10'00"N, 77°52'00"E), Tamil Nadu, India. The annual electrical energy gains of the BIPV-PCM for the south orientation is (135 kWh) and the east orientation (110 kWh) obtained the minimum. Similarly, the annual electrical energy of the BIPV-PCM is maximum in the east orientation and minimum in the west orientation. The south orientation BIPV-PCM obtained the maximum energy (190 kWh) and exergy (27.3 kWh). The theoretically calculated results have good agreement with experimental results. Practical application: Integration of photovoltaic modules into the building structure has many benefits and challenges; before integrating into the building structure, the performance and impact of the BIPV module needs to be studied. This study will assist developers and designers to understand the likely performance of the BIPV modules and assess the benefit of integrated phase change materials for application in residential buildings in equatorial climate zones.
关键词： Glauber salt,Facade,building integrated photovoltaic phase change material,Building integrated photovoltaic
更新于2025-09-11 14:15:04
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Prediction of sunlight-driven CO2 conversion: Producing methane from photovoltaics, and full system design for single-house application
摘要： CO2 capture and utilization (CCU) technologies are being immensely researched as means to close the anthropogenic carbon cycle. One approach known as artificial photosynthesis uses solar energy from photovoltaics (PV), carbon dioxide and water to generate hydrocarbon fuels, being methane (CH4) a preferential target due to the already in place infrastructures for its storage, distribution and consumption. Here, a model is developed to simulate a direct (1-step) solar methane production approach, which is studied in two scenarios: first, we compare it against a more conventional 2-step methane production route, and second, we apply it to address the energetic needs of concept buildings with usual space and domestic hot water heating requirements. The analysed 2-step process consists in the PV-powered synthesis of an intermediate fuel e syngas e followed by its conversion to CH4 via a Fischer eTropsch (methanation) process. It was found that the 1-step route could be adequate to a domestic, small scale use, potentially providing energy for a single-family house, whilst the 2-step can be used in both small and large scale applications, from domestic to industrial uses. In terms of overall solar-to-CH4 energy efficiency, the 2-step method reaches 13.26% against the 9.18% reached by the 1-step method. Next, the application of the direct solar methane technology is analysed for domestic buildings, in different European locations, equipped with a combination of solar thermal collectors (STCs) and PV panels, in which the heating needs that cannot be fulfilled by the STCs are satisfied by the combustion of methane synthesized by the PV-powered electrolyzers. Various combinations of situations for a whole year were studied and it was found that this auxiliary system can produce, per m2 of PV area, in the worst case scenario 23.6 g/day (0.328 kWh/day) of methane in Stockholm, and in the best case scenario 47.4 g/day (0.658 kWh/day) in Lisbon.
关键词： Artificial photosynthesis,Fischer-Tropsch synthesis,Photovoltaic-powered electrochemical conversion,Building-integrated solar methane,CO2 electrolysis
更新于2025-09-11 14:15:04
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Challenges and research needs in life cycle analysis of building-integrated photovoltaic
摘要： Building-integrated photovoltaic (BIPV) is a promising solar energy technology that looks set to grow in popularity in the pursuit of a sustainable future. It has the potential to mitigate some of the main concerns over ground-mounted solar energy systems such as land use. However, there is an apparent gap in our understanding of its life cycle environmental impacts. Very few life cycle analysis (LCA) studies have evaluated BIPV comprehensively in comparison with standalone PV systems and other energy technologies. In this paper, we review the limited existing LCA studies on BIPV and identify the challenges and future research needs. The findings will help researchers, industries and policy makers better understand the environmental sustainability of BIPV to facilitate its development.
关键词： building-integrated photovoltaic,environmental sustainability,life cycle analysis,solar energy
更新于2025-09-11 14:15:04