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Purchase Intention for Crowd-funded Milk Products with Integrated Photovoltaic Water Pumping Systems in China
摘要： In comparison with current financing mechanisms for renewable energy systems, crowd-funding financing mechanism offers a new potential source of financing with recent use of social media. Crowd-funding financing mechanism can also increases the social supports for renewable energy systems as users and investors turn to be more actively engaged in energy systems. As a new potential source of financing, crowd-funding mechanism has different forms, including donation, lending, equity and product reward approaches. In this paper, discrete choice model was used to explore whether crowd-funding financing with a novel sociotechnical product reward practice, has the attractions for potential customers to pay for a more sustainable milk product with distributed photovoltaic (PV) system. We empirically investigated the reward-base crowd funding with the specific integrated photovoltaic water pumping (PVWP) system in dairy milk production in China. 48 in-depth interviews were adopted for qualitative analysis of determinants of customer milk purchase decision. The ordered probit regression was employed with 357 online surveys to systematically estimate the purchase intention for the online-crowd-funding sustainable milk. Customer behaviours, environmental consciousness, and the individual socio-demographic factors were tested as potential explanatory variables. In the survey and depth interview samples, we found interviewees as potential customers showed strong purchase intentions to the crowd funding dairy milk for noticing milk quality and nutritious improvement, emission reduction and environmental benefits by the integrated PVWP system. In our findings of the regression results, the females, customers with young children or planning to have children were found with higher willing to purchase than other customers for crowd funding the sustainable dairy milk. The familiarity and popularity with online shopping and pre-sale purchase in China made customers more open and active towards pre-pay and crowd-funding mechanism.
关键词： Binary probit regression,Dairy milk in China,Discrete choice model,Crowd-funding,Photovoltaic water pumping
更新于2025-09-12 10:27:22
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Forecasting of electricity price subsidy based on installed cost of distributed photovoltaic in China
摘要： In China, the installed cost of distributed photovoltaic (DPV) is declining rapidly. However, the level of subsidy per kWh for DPV is adjusted less frequently by the Chinese government. This paper proposed a linkage model to forecast subsidy per kWh of DPV based on net present value (NPV) method. The results show that the increase of subsidy duration, internal consumption proportion and sunshine hours will reduce subsidy level. Therefore, it is suggested that the Chinese government should take varied and targeted measures, such as reducing different subsidies for new DPV users who install DPV in different years, choosing a longer subsidy duration and setting different subsidy levels in different regions. These varied and targeted measures are beneficial to both government and users, because they can reduce the annual financial burden for the government and the surcharges of electricity purchase for users.
关键词： Distributed photovoltaic,subsidy,China,NPV method
更新于2025-09-12 10:27:22
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Reasons for Laser in Situ Keratomileusis in China
摘要： SIGNIFICANCE: Myopia is a major health issue in East Asian countries, especially in China. By identifying Chinese patients' motivations for laser in situ keratomileusis (LASIK) surgery, our results are expected to help clinicians counsel patients before LASIK surgery and to maximize patients' post-operative LASIK surgery satisfaction, improving the quality of LASIK surgery services. PURPOSE: Laser in situ keratomileusis has become a popular type of refractive surgery for the correction of myopia worldwide. This study uses qualitative inquiry approaches to understand the motives and processes of patients' LASIK surgery decision making. METHODS: A purposive sample of 45 patients who had decided to undergo LASIK was recruited. Our qualitative study used in-depth interviews and used content analysis to interpret the data. RESULTS: Among 45 participants, 48.9% reported that career requirements were the most important reason for seeking LASIK surgery. The inconvenience of wearing glasses or lenses during activities of daily life was also a primary motive. Improving facial appearance was a main reason for female but not male respondents. Potential complications of spectacles and contact lenses in addition to maturation of LASIK technology were also reported motives to seek surgery. Participants gave multiple, overlapping reasons for LASIK surgery. CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest that motives to seek LASIK surgery are not only a desire to correct refractive error but also social factors and confidence in improved surgical technology. The implications for clinicians are to be aware of these multiple motives for LASIK to improve the quality and effectiveness of health services for myopia patients.
关键词： China,myopia,qualitative study,refractive surgery,LASIK
更新于2025-09-12 10:27:22
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Vergleich (split‐lesion) von langer und kurzer Pulsdauer bei der Narbentherapie mit dem gepulsten Farbstofflaser
摘要： Urata (2019) provides a comprehensive overview of US–Japan trade frictions in the 1960–2000 period and examines the economic impacts of the implemented measures. Drawing implications from the US–Japan trade frictions, Urata (2019) attempts to find appropriate policies to stop escalating trade conflicts between the USA and China.
关键词： trade protectionism,macroeconomic adjustment policies,Japan–US trade frictions,China–US trade war
更新于2025-09-11 14:15:04
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Tropospheric NO<sub>2</sub>, SO<sub>2</sub>, and HCHO over the East China Sea, using ship-based MAX-DOAS observations and comparison with OMI and OMPS satellite data
摘要： In this study, ship-based multi-axis differential optical absorption spectroscopy (MAX-DOAS) measurements were performed in the East China Sea (ECS) area in June 2017. The tropospheric slant column densities (SCDs) of nitrogen dioxide (NO2), sulfur dioxide (SO2), and formaldehyde (HCHO) were retrieved from the measured spectra using the differential optical absorption spectroscopy (DOAS) technique. Using the simple geometric approach, the SCDs of different trace gases observed at a 15? elevation angle were adopted to convert into tropospheric vertical column densities (VCDs). During this campaign, the averaged VCDs of NO2, SO2, and HCHO in the marine environment over the ECS area are 6.50 × 1015, 4.28 × 1015, and 7.39 × 1015 molec cm?2, respectively. In addition, the ship-based MAX-DOAS trace gas VCDs were compared with satellite observations of the Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) and Ozone Mapping and Profiler Suite (OMPS). The daily OMI NO2 VCDs agreed well with ship-based MAX-DOAS measurements showing the correlation coefficient R of 0.83. In addition, the good agreements of SO2 and HCHO VCDs between the OMPS satellite and ship-based MAX-DOAS observations were also found, with correlation coefficients R of 0.76 and 0.69. The vertical profiles of these trace gases are achieved from the measured differential slant column densities (DSCDs) at different elevation angles using the optimal estimation method. The retrieved profiles displayed the typical vertical distribution characteristics, which exhibit low concentrations of < 3, < 3, and < 2 ppbv for NO2, SO2, and HCHO in a clean area of the marine boundary layer far from coast of the Yangtze River Delta (YRD) continental region. Interestingly, elevated SO2 concentrations can be observed intermittently along the ship routes, which is mainly attributed to the vicinal ship emissions in the view of the MAX-DOAS measurements. Combined with the onboard ozone lidar measurements, the ozone (O3) formation was discussed with the vertical profile of the HCHO/NO2 ratio, which is sensitive to increases in NO2 concentration. This study provided further understanding of the main air pollutants in the marine boundary layer of the ECS area and also benefited the formulation of policies regulating the shipping emissions in such costal areas like the YRD region.
关键词： OMPS,SO2,East China Sea,MAX-DOAS,HCHO,OMI,NO2
更新于2025-09-10 09:29:36
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[IEEE 2018 17th International Conference on Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) - Rapperswil, Switzerland (2018.6.18-2018.6.21)] 2018 17th International Conference on Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) - Initial Laboratory Field Tests of the Rover-mounted GPR for China's First Mission to Mars
摘要： China’s first Mars probe including an orbiter and a landing rover will be launched by 2020. A subsurface penetrating radar instrument has been selected to be a part of payload on the rover. The main scientific objective of the SPR is to characterize the thickness and sub-layer distribution of the Martian soil. The SPR consists of two channels. The low frequency channel of the SPR will provide a penetrating depth of 10 to 100 meters with a resolution of a few meters within the Martian soil. The higher frequency channel will penetrate to a depth of 3 to 10 meters with a resolution of a few centimeters within the Martian soil. The engineering model of the SPR was designed and manufactured. In order to illustrate and validate the equipment’s performance, some laboratory field tests have been performed. The objectives of these tests were to evaluate the interaction between the radar and the rover and detect the internal objects buried in the pool filled with artificial volcanic ash.
关键词： SPR,Rover,Mars,China’s Mars 2020,LFM
更新于2025-09-10 09:29:36
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Seasonal aerosol variations over a coastal city, Zhoushan, China from CALIPSO observations
摘要： This paper presents the observed seasonal aerosol variations over Zhoushan, an eastern coastal Chinese city. Data were obtained from the Cloud – Aerosol Lidar and Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observations (CALIPSO) satellite from the period of June 2007 to May 2017. We compared the columnar Aerosol Optical Depth (AOD) data from the CALIPSO and MODerate resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS). Results showed good consistency, but the former was systematically lower than the latter. The temporal distribution of columnar AOD showed significant variations with the highest in spring and lowest in summer. Similarly, the seasonal scatter plots suggested that the highest correlation coefficient was 0.56 in winter and summer, followed by the autumn (0.53), and spring (0.40) seasons. In addition, the results revealed that the polluted dust and polluted continental aerosols (38.9% and 30.5%, respectively) were dominant aerosol subtypes observed in winter, whereas, the polluted dust (47.2%) aerosol subtype was found dominant in spring. The polluted continental aerosol subtype appeared dominant during the summer and autumn seasons, with the frequencies of about 56.0% and 47.4%, respectively. These findings can be reasonably explained using the air mass cluster analysis computed for the obtained backward trajectories derived from the Hybrid Single Particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory (HYSPLIT) model. Furthermore, the aerosol vertical extinction coefficient measured at the wavelength of 532 nm was found to be highest near the surface (~0.2 km-1) in winter and autumn and decreased sharply as the altitude increased indicating that aerosols were present at an altitude <2 km. However, during spring, the values of extinction coefficient remained >0.15 km-1 at an altitude range of 0–3.5 km due to convection and strong vertical mixing lifting aerosols to slightly higher levels. Furthermore, during the spring, approximately 54% of the particulate depolarization ratio (PDR) values were ≤ 0.2, and the remaining 46% of the PDR were > 0.2, suggesting both spherical and irregular particles were present in the atmosphere.
关键词： MODIS,Aerosol Optical Depth,CALIPSO,Extinction Coefficient,East China,Aerosol subtype
更新于2025-09-10 09:29:36
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[IEEE IGARSS 2018 - 2018 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium - Valencia, Spain (2018.7.22-2018.7.27)] IGARSS 2018 - 2018 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium - Estimation Model for Dust-Retention Content of Main Green Plants in South China Based on the Red Edge of Reflectance
摘要： Estimating dust-retention content (DRC) on plants leaves is important to the protection and improvement of the atmospheric environment, which can be helpful to the human health and social development. Due to lacking of well-used estimation model, the current studies about dust-retention based on remote sensing are scarce. This paper aims to establish an estimation model for DRC of main green plants based on 56 in situ samples collected in 2014-2016 from Guangzhou, South China. After pre-processing and laboratory analysis, the correlation coefficient between leaf reflectance spectral data and DRC was calculated under MATLAB environment. The results showed that the relationship between red edge (720 nm) of reflectance spectra and DRC is relatively higher. Therefore, a model for estimating DRC based on red edge position was established. It was found that the exponential model showed a high calibration accuracy (DRC: 0.019-1.1 g/m2, R2=0.71, N=40, P-value < 0.001) and had an acceptable validation accuracy (DRC: 0.154-0.978 g/m2, RMSE = 0.157 g/m2, MRE=33.8%, N=16). Although the red edge of vegetation was generally used to monitor the health status of plants, the results of this study indicated that red edge of reflectance can be applied for estimating the DRC on plants leaves as well. Based on the DRC retrieval model, there is potential to monitor and estimate the dynamic changes of dust-retention in a large region from multi-source satellite and unnamed aerial vehicle platform.
关键词： dust-retention content,green plants,red edge,South China,estimation model
更新于2025-09-10 09:29:36
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Evaluating VIIRS EPS Aerosol Optical Depth in China: An Intercomparison Against Ground-based Measurements and MODIS
摘要： The Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite (VIIRS) has been providing routine retrievals of aerosol properties since 2011. As a new generation advanced sensor, VIIRS has certain advantages in terms of spectral and accuracy and spatial resolution, especially with updated algorithm for the NOAA Enterprise Processing System (EPS) since July 2017. However, the VIIRS EPS aerosol products have not been extensively validated. In this study, we evaluate the VIIRS EPS AOD product over mainland China, which has been suffering from heavy aerosol pollution in the recent decade. By comparing collocated VIIRS and ground observations over 12 sites for the Aerosol Robotic Network (AERONET) and 5 sites from the Sun-sky radiometer Observation NETwork (SONET), we find that VIIRS AOD achieves overall reasonable agreement, with 50.61% falling within the expected accuracy interval and a correlation of 0.91 with ground observation. A positive bias of 0.13 is noticed with relatively larger mean bias found in the spring and summer. VIIRS AOD also has a high bias compared with MODIS. The bias is found to be slightly increasing with AOD level. The seasonal variability of VIIRS AOD are also mostly consistent with surface observation and MODIS. VIIRS aerosol model still needs improvement, especially for dust and urban aerosols. A Combined Principal Component Analysis (CPCA) to extract dominant spatial and temporal variability between VIIRS and MODIS data also shows very good agreement, an indication that VIIRS is capable of capturing the major aerosol variability over China.
关键词： MODIS,AERONET,SONET,Aerosol Optical Depth,VIIRS,China
更新于2025-09-10 09:29:36
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Blue skies over China: The effect of pollution-control on solar power generation and revenues
摘要： Air pollution is the single most important environmental health risk, causing about 7 million premature deaths annually worldwide. China is the world’s largest emitter of anthropogenic air pollutants, which causes major negative health consequences. The Chinese government has implemented several policies to reduce air pollution, with success in some but far from all sectors. In addition to the health benefits, reducing air pollution will have side-benefits, such as an increase in the electricity generated by the solar photovoltaic panels via an increase in surface solar irradiance through a reduction of haze and aerosol-impacted clouds. We use the global aerosol-climate model ECHAM6-HAM2 with the bottom-up emissions inventory from the Community Emission Data System and quantify the geographically specific increases in generation and economic revenue to the Chinese solar photovoltaic fleet as a result of reducing or eliminating air pollution from the energy, industrial, transport, and residential and commercial sectors. We find that by 2040, the gains will be substantial: the projected solar photovoltaic fleet would produce between 85–158 TWh/year of additional power in clean compared to polluted air, generating US$6.9–10.1 billion of additional annual revenues in the solar photovoltaic sector alone. Furthermore, we quantify the cost of adopting best-practice emission standards in all sectors and find that the revenue gains from the increased solar photovoltaic generation could offset up to about 13–17% of the costs of strong air pollution control measures designed to reach near-zero emissions in all sectors. Hence, reducing air pollution in China will not only have clear health benefits, but the side-effect of increased solar power generation would also offset a sizeable share of the costs of air pollution control measures.
关键词： China,pollution-control,air pollution,solar power generation,economic revenue
更新于2025-09-10 09:29:36