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Diagnostic Biosensors in Medicine- a Review
摘要： Biosensors consist of a biocatalyst that can detect a biological element and a transducer which can convert the combination event of the biocatalyst and the biological element into a detectable parameter. The biocatalyst can be biomolecules like, enzyme, DNA, RNA, metabolites, cells, oligonucleotides etc., and the transducers can be electrochemical, optical, piezoelectric, acoustics, calorimetric etc. In disease diagnostics biosensors utilizing immobilized cells, enzymes, nucleic acids have come into the field in recent years. Nanobiosensors exploiting the ultrasmall size and unique properties have also been used for engineering disease diagnostic biosensors. The use of biosensors can rapidly assess the health status, onset of the disease and its progression and can help to plan treatment for many diseases with the aid of multidisciplinary combination of chemistry, medical science and nanotechnology. The devices are cost effective, highly sensitive, rapid, user friendly and can be produced in bulk for human use. This review focuses on the different biosensors for the diagnosis of three major diseases like diabetes, cardiovascular disease and cancer.
关键词： nanobiosensors,cancer,diabetes,cardiovascular disease,disease biomarker detection,Biosensors
更新于2025-09-10 09:29:36
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Social deprivation as a risk factor for late presentation of proliferative diabetic retinopathy
摘要： Purpose: The aim of this study was to determine whether social deprivation is a risk factor for late presentation of patients with proliferative diabetic retinopathy and whether it affects their access to urgent laser treatment. Methods: Using a 2:1 case: control design, 102 patients referred to a UK teaching hospital as part of the UK Diabetic Retinopathy National Screening Programme were identified for the period between 1 June 2010 to 1 June 2013. Social deprivation was scored using the Index of Multiple Deprivation 2010. Additional variables considered included age, duration of disease, ethnicity, and HbA1c at time of referral. Results: The cases comprised 34 patients referred with proliferative (grade R3) retinopathy with a control group of 68 patients with lower retinopathy grades; two control patients were excluded due to incomplete data. On univariate analysis, R3 retinopathy was associated with higher social deprivation (P,0.001, Mann–Whitney U-test), and with higher HbA1c (11.5% vs 8.4%; P,0.001, Mann–Whitney U-test). Forward stepwise multivariable analysis showed that the association of R3 retinopathy with deprivation was significant even after adjusting for HbA1c (P=0.016). On univariate analysis South Asian ethnicity was also identified as being a risk factor for presentation with R3 retinopathy, but this was no longer significant when HbA1c was adjusted for in a forward stepwise logistic regression analysis. Conclusion: In our cohort social deprivation appears to be associated with late presentation of proliferative diabetic retinopathy. Our study supports the need to target these groups to reduce preventable blindness and to identify strategies which overcome barriers to care.
关键词： social deprivation,diabetes,proliferative diabetic retinopathy,index of multiple deprivation
更新于2025-09-10 09:29:36
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Diabetic Nephropathy (Pathophysiology and Clinical Aspects) || Microvascular Complications in the?Eye: Diabetic Retinopathy
摘要： Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a major cause of vision loss and blindness among persons with diabetes mellitus. It is estimated that approximately 35% of diabetes patients develop some form of DR [1]. DR is a progressive disease that is predominantly characterized by alterations in the retinal microvasculature. It may develop from an asymptomatic nonproliferative form associated with capillary non-perfusion, microaneurysms, and retinal hemorrhages, into a vision-threating disorder such as diabetic macular edema (DME) and proliferative DR (PDR).
关键词： vision loss,Diabetic retinopathy,retinal microvasculature,blindness,microvascular complications,diabetic macular edema,diabetes mellitus,proliferative diabetic retinopathy
更新于2025-09-10 09:29:36
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Polymeric Microneedles Integrated with Metformin-Loaded and PDA/LA-Coated Hollow Mesoporous SiO2 for NIR-triggered Transdermal Delivery on Diabetic Rats
摘要： Herein, a NIR-responsive polymeric microneedles (MNs) system incorporated with metformin-loaded and polydopamine/lauric acid (PDA/LA)-coated hollow mesoporous SiO2 have been developed for transdermal delivery of antidiabetic drug (metformin). Firstly, an anti-diabetic drug was firstly loaded within hollow mesoporous SiO2 nanoparticles (HMSN) by a diffusion method. Then, PDA as photothermal conversion agent and lauric acid (LA) as phase change material (PCM) were coated onto the HMSN to form NIR-responsive drug nanocarriers. Finally, these metformin-Loaded and PDA/LA-coated HMSN were encapsulated into poly(vinylpyrrolidone) (PVP) MNs. After insertion into skin tissue, LA could be melt with the photothermal conversion of PDA under NIR-light, and thus enabling to release encapsulated metformin from MNs. The in vivo release behavior of metformin from MNs into skin was further studied to investigate its hypoglycemic effect on diabetic rats. Compared with the subcutaneous injection of metformin, the bioavailability of MNs-NIR groups was 95.8±2.7%. The antidiabetic drug can be precisely released by adjustment of exposure time and power densities of NIR-light.
关键词： NIR irradiation,microneedles,transdermal delivery,diabetes,hypoglycemic
更新于2025-09-10 09:29:36
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The Eye as a Window to Health: Albeit Slow, Research is Progressing on Contact Lenses for Medical Diagnostics
摘要： The idea is a compelling one: a device that looks and feels like an ordinary contact lens but that can continuously monitor a variety of health indicators. For a diabetic, such a lens might update blood glucose levels and, using a built-in flashing LED indicator light, signal when a condition needs attention. Diabetic patients might be saved from the need for repeated finger prick tests and could be monitored for longer periods of time and for a greater variety of parameters at once.
关键词： contact lenses,health monitoring,glucose monitoring,diabetes,medical diagnostics
更新于2025-09-10 09:29:36
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Clinical Analysis of Newly Diagnosed Diabetes Mellitus Patients by Abnormal Fundus Examination
摘要： Purpose: To investigate the clinical analysis of newly diagnosed diabetes mellitus (NDM) patients with abnormal fundus examination at the first visit. Methods: This retrospective study utilized the first visit medical records of 15 patients (30 eyes) who were diagnosed with NDM from February 2011 to October 2016. Results: Patients were divided into 3 groups: 1) diabetic retinopathy group including proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR) (3) and severe non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy (NPDR) (1); 2) retinal vascular disease group including central retinal vein occlusion (CRVO) (1), branch retinal vein occlusion (1), vitreous hemorrhage with CRVO (1) and macular edema (1); and 3) other retinal disease group including vitreous hemorrhage due to choroidal neovascular rupture (1), exudative age-related macular degeneration (3), central serous chorioretinopathy (2), and macular hole (1). All 3 PDR patients had latent autoimmune diabetes in adults (type 1.5 diabetes). The remaining 12 patients had type 2 diabetes. Three patients showed mild NPDR in the opposite eye and the other 9 patients did not have diabetic retinopathy in the opposite eye. Onset age, HbA1C and proteinuria were significantly different between the diabetic retinopathy group and the other retinal disease group (p = 0.006, p = 0.012 and p = 0.006, Mann-Whitney test). Conclusions: In patients with various retinal diseases, early detection of NDM could be achieved by performing fundoscopic imaging and systemic examination as well as basic ophthalmologic examination. In addition, patients with diabetic retinopathy should be treated promptly through ophthalmology and internal medicine consultation. For the retinal vascular disease and other retinal disease groups, not only treatment for ophthalmic diseases, but also education about diabetes treatment are important.
关键词： Latent autoimmune diabetes in adults,Newly diagnosed diabetes mellitus,Diabetic retinopathy,HbA1C
更新于2025-09-09 09:28:46
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Epidemiologie der diabetischen Retinopathie; Epidemiology of diabetic retinopathy;
摘要： Das Risiko für mikrovaskul?re Folgeerkrankungen steigt bei mittel- bis langfristiger deutlicher Erh?hung der Blutglukosespiegel. Die Pr?valenz der diabetischen Retinopathie h?ngt au?er von der Krankheitsdauer v. a. von der Patientenselektion, Risikofaktoren (Patientenalter, HbA1c [Glykoh?moglobin Typ A1c], Bluthochdruck), Diagnosekriterien, Studiendesign und der Zeit der Datenerfassung ab. In der Prim?rversorgung des Typ-2-Diabetes in Deutschland finden sich in gro?en Patientenkollektiven mit etwa 10 % deutlich geringere Retinopathiepr?valenzen als in der Sekund?r- und Terti?rversorgung mit 20–25 %. Bei Menschen mit Typ-1-Diabetes ist die Pr?valenz der Retinopathie in der Prim?rversorgung mit etwa 24 % aufgrund der l?ngeren Diabetesdauer h?her, und es gibt keinen so deutlichen Unterschied im Vergleich zur Sekund?r- und Terti?rversorgung mit 27–30 %. Auch bei 10 % der Menschen ohne Diabetes lassen sich Augenhintergrundver?nderungen feststellen, die einer sehr milden Form der Retinopathie entsprechen k?nnen. Fortgeschrittene Stadien der Retinopathie k?nnen zur Visusminderung und damit Sehbeeintr?chtigung führen. Sch?tzungsweise betrifft dies etwa 1/6 der Menschen mit Retinopathie. Die Rate an schweren, zu Erblindung führenden Formen derselben ging deutlich zurück, dank der optimierten Diagnose- und Behandlungsm?glichkeiten, besonders auch der Makulopathie.
关键词： Blutglukose,Hyperglyk?mie,Diabetes mellitus,Auge,Mikrogef??e
更新于2025-09-09 09:28:46
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Relative Importance and Contribiton of Risk Factors for Diabetic Retinopathy and Macular Edema
摘要： Purpose: This study determined the relative importance of risk factors for Diabetic Retinopathy (DR) and Diabetic Macular Edema (DME) and assessed their independent and joint contributions. Methods: A prospective study of patients with type 2 diabetes was conducted in a tertiary eye hospital in Melbourne, Australia. Patients underwent a comprehensive eye examination and completed standardized administered questionnaires. Blood samples were assessed for glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c); fasting blood glucose; and serum lipids. Dilated fundus photographs were obtained and graded for DR and DME. The relative importance of the risk factors was determined by the independent and common variance explained in DR and DME using Commonality analysis. Results: A total of 497 patients with type 2 diabetes were included in this analysis. The key risk factors accounted for 44.6% and 19.5% of total variances in DR and DME, respectively. The most important risk factor for any DR was duration of diabetes (16.5% of total explained variance), followed by insulin use (13.1%), HbA1c (8.5%), age (3.7%) and gender (2.8%). The most important risk factor for any DME was HbA1c (9.45%); followed by age (5.75%); duration of diabetes (3.92%) and systolic blood pressure (SBP) (0.36%). Sixty-one percent of the total explained variance in DR was due to common variance among these risk factors, compared to only 31% of the in DME. Conclusion: The total, independent and joint contributions of the key risk factors for DR and DME differ in patients with type 2 diabetes, which suggest that may require specific prevention and intervention strategies for these two diabetic complications.
关键词： Commonality analysis,Haemoglobin A1c,Diabetic retinopathy,Diabetic macular edema,Duration of diabetes
更新于2025-09-09 09:28:46
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Early changes in retinal structure and BMP2 expression in the retina and crystalline lens of streptozotocin-induced diabetic pigs
摘要： This study aims to evaluate early changes in retinal structure and BMP2 expression in the retina and crystalline lens by comparing streptozotocin-induced diabetic pigs and normal control group pigs. Methods: Five eye samples from five diabetic Micro-pigs (Medikinetics, Pyeongtaek, Korea) and five eye samples from five control pigs bred in a specific pathogen-free area were used. Diabetes was developed through intravenous injection of nicotinamide and streptozotocin, and the average fasting glucose level was maintained at 250 mg/dL or higher for 16 weeks. To evaluate BMP2 expression in the retina and crystalline lens, Western blotting was performed. Results: In Hematoxylin and Eosin staining, most diabetic pigs showed structural abnormalities in the inner plexiform layer. The number of nuclei in the ganglion cell layer within the range of 104 μm2 was 3.78±0.60 for diabetic pigs and 5.57±1.07 for control group pigs, showing a statistically significant difference. In immunohistochemical staining, diabetic retinas showed an overall increase in BMP2 expression. In Western blotting, the average BMP2/actin level of diabetic retinas was 1.19±0.05, showing a significant increase compared to the 1.06±0.03 of the control group retinas (P=0.016). The BMP2/actin level of diabetic crystalline lenses was similar to the control group crystalline lenses (P=0.730). Conclusions: Compared to control group pigs, the number of nuclei in the inner nuclear layer of retinas from streptozotocin-induced diabetic pigs decreased, while an increase in BMP2 expression was observed in the retina of diabetic pigs.
关键词： lens,diabetes mellitus,retina,BMP2,pigs,streptozotocin
更新于2025-09-09 09:28:46
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Non-Invasive Diagnosis of Diabetes by Volatile Organic Compounds in Urine Using FAIMS and Fox4000 Electronic Nose
摘要： The electronic nose (eNose) is an instrument designed to mimic the human olfactory system. Usage of eNose in medical applications is more popular than ever, due to its low costs and non-invasive nature. The eNose sniffs the gases and vapours that emanate from human waste (urine, breath, and stool) for the diagnosis of variety of diseases. Diabetes mellitus type 2 (DM2) affects 8.3% of adults in the world, with 43% being underdiagnosed, resulting in 4.9 million deaths per year. In this study, we investigated the potential of urinary volatile organic compounds (VOCs) as novel non-invasive diagnostic biomarker for diabetes. In addition, we investigated the influence of sample age on the diagnostic accuracy of urinary VOCs. We analysed 140 urine samples (73 DM2, 67 healthy) with Field-Asymmetric Ion Mobility Spectrometry (FAIMS); a type of eNose; and FOX 4000 (AlphaM.O.S, Toulouse, France). Urine samples were collected at UHCW NHS Trust clinics over 4 years and stored at ?80 ?C within two hours of collection. Four different classifiers were used for classification, specifically Sparse Logistic Regression, Random Forest, Gaussian Process, and Support Vector on both FAIMS and FOX4000. Both eNoses showed their capability of diagnosing DM2 from controls and the effect of sample age on the discrimination. FAIMS samples were analysed for all samples aged 0–4 years (AUC: 88%, sensitivity: 87%, specificity: 82%) and then sub group samples aged less than a year (AUC (Area Under the Curve): 94%, Sensitivity: 92%, specificity: 100%). FOX4000 samples were analysed for all samples aged 0–4 years (AUC: 85%, sensitivity: 77%, specificity: 85%) and a sub group samples aged less than 18 months: (AUC: 94%, sensitivity: 90%, specificity: 89%). We demonstrated that FAIMS and FOX 4000 eNoses can discriminate DM2 from controls using urinary VOCs. In addition, we showed that urine sample age affects discriminative accuracy.
关键词： biosensor,urine sample,medical application,electronic nose,non-invasive diagnosis,FOX 4000,volatile organic compounds (VOCs),FAIMS,diabetes
更新于2025-09-09 09:28:46