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A novel bis(dihydroxypropyl) viologen-based all-in-one electrochromic device with high cycling stability and coloration efficiency
摘要： Electrochromism and related devices have been studied for a few decades from both fundamental and technological point of view. At the present stage, screening electrochromic materials with excellent properties is still an interesting job. In our previous work, we have demonstrated that hydroxyalkyl viologens could exhibit satisfying electrochromic behavior. Further, in this paper, the bis(dihydroxyalkyl) viologen, (1,1‘-bis(2,3-dihydroxypropyl) 4,4‘-bipyridine derivative dichloride, DHPV2t 2Cl-, was synthesized and incorporated as an electrochromic chromophore in the all-in-one electrochromic devices (ECDs) on the basis of poly (vinyl butyal) (PVB)-carbonate and po?y (vinyl alcohol) (PVA)-borax gel electrolytes, respectively. It was found that DHPV2t 2Cl- in PVB-based gel ECDs underwent reversible switching between transparent and deep blue hue, whereas the clear color changes from colorlessness to amaranth in PVA-borax-based ones upon the potential ranges from 0 V to (cid:2)1.0 V. For PVB-based gel ECD, spectroelectrochemical studies demonstrated that it only needs a low coloration voltage down to (cid:2)0.6 V, and exhibites high coloration ef?ciency (h) up to 301 cm2/C. The optical contrast of it only reduces by 1% after consecutive operation for 10000 cycles between (cid:2)1.0 V and 0 V, demonstrating an excellent cycling stability of this kind of device. The ECD based on PVA-borax gel modi?ed with glycerol shows burgundy, and good electrochromic performance. It is interesting to note that a relatively large-area PVB-based gel electrochromic devices up to 168 cm2 was realized, the driving voltage and response time being (cid:2)1.5 V and 12 s, respectively, for blue-violet coloration state. The advantages of electrochromic properties exhibited by 1,1‘-bis(2,3-dihydroxypropyl) viologen dichloride over those reported can be regarded as a pronounced improvement for organic electrochromic materials, and are expected to set the stage for novel electrochromic devices such as smart window and display applications and so forth.
关键词： Coloration ef?ciency,Electrochromic (EC) gel,Stability,Viologen,Electrochromic devices (ECD)
更新于2025-09-23 15:23:52
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Electrochromic 2,4,6-triphenyl-1,3,5-triazine based esters with electron donor-acceptor structure
摘要： Ten tripod-shaped electrochromic materials (compound 1–10) were designed and synthesized by esterification of 4,4',4''-s-triazine-2,4,6-triyl-tribenzoic acid with different alcohols and phenols. These materials have a 2,4,6-triphenyl-1,3,5-triazine core and three ester side arms, forming an electron donor–π-acceptor structure. The electrochemical and optical properties of 1–10 were characterized by cyclic voltammetry and ultraviolet–visible spectroelectrochemistry. The conjugated structure of 1–10 markedly influenced their electrochemical properties. Electrochromic devices containing some of these compounds (1, 2, 4, 5, and 10) displayed intense color changes, fast switching times (<2 s), high optical contrast (>60%), good switching stability, high optical density (>1.0), and high coloring efficiency (>1000 cm2 C?1). The colored state of these devices strongly depended on the conjugated structure of the tripod-shaped component. Short chain lengths (compounds 1 and 2) and electron-donating groups (compounds 4, 5, 8, and 10) were beneficial to electrochromic properties, whereas a longer chain length (compound 3) and electron-withdrawing groups (compounds 6 and 9) adversely affected electrochromic properties.
关键词： Electron donor-acceptor structure,2,4,6-Triphenyl-1,3,5-triazine based esters,Tripod-shaped electrochromic materials,Electrochromic devices
更新于2025-09-23 15:23:52
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Luminescent Electrochromic Devices for Smart Windows of Energy-Efficient Buildings
摘要： To address the challenges of the next generation of smart windows for energy-efficient buildings, new electrochromic devices (ECDs) are introduced. These include indium molybdenum oxide (IMO), a conducting oxide transparent in the near-infrared (NIR) region, and a NIR-emitting electrolyte. The novel electrolytes are based on a sol-gel-derived di-urethane cross-linked siloxane-based host structure, including short chains of poly (ε-caprolactone) (PCL(530) (where 530 represents the average molecular weight in g mol?1). This hybrid framework was doped with a combination of either, lithium triflate (LiTrif) and erbium triflate (ErTrif3), or LiTrif and bisaquatris (thenoyltri?uoroacetonate) erbium (III) ([Er(tta)3(H2O)2]). The ECD@LiTrif-[Er(tta)3(H2O)2] device presents a typical Er3+ NIR emission around 1550 nm. The ?gures of merit of these devices are high cycling stability, good reversibility, and unusually high coloration ef?ciency (CE = ?OD/?Q, where Q is the inserted/de-inserted charge density). CE values of ?8824/+6569 cm2 C?1 and ?8243/+5200 cm2 C?1 were achieved at 555 nm on the 400th cycle, for ECD@LiTrif-ErTrif3 and ECD@LiTrif-[Er(tta)3(H2O)2], respectively.
关键词： erbium β-diketonate complex,poly(ε-caprolatone)/siloxane hybrids,erbium triflate,lithium triflate,NIR-transparent IMO,sol–gel,zero-energy buildings,electrochromic devices
更新于2025-09-23 15:23:52
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Electrochromism: a fascinating branch of electrochemistry
摘要： This lecture on electrochromism and electrochromic devices starts with a short introduction to the field. This is followed by an overview of the different classes of electrochromic materials, in which each class is illustrated by some typical examples. The third part deals with some basic parameters to assess electrochromic compounds and devices. After this, we discuss the different types of electrochromic devices or elements, again always illustrated by some examples. Manufacturing considerations and real-world practical application examples of electrochromics are the topics of the last two parts of this lecture.
关键词： Electrochromic devices,Transition metal oxides,Electrochromism,Conducting polymers,Smart windows
更新于2025-09-23 15:21:21
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Optimized properties of innovative ElectroChromic Device using ITO / Ag / ITO electrodes
摘要： The "Dielectric/Metal/Dielectric" (DMD) stacked films being used as transparent and conductive (TC) electrodes, have demonstrated excellent application in the ElectroChromic (EC) process and devices. In this work, multilayers (IAI) made of 50 nm of Indium Tin Oxide (ITO) / 5 nm of metallic silver (Ag) / 30 nm of ITO that exhibit band-gap, low resistance of 7.4 ? and the high figure of merit of 9.9×10-3 ?-1 were introduced in a complete five-layer Glass / IAI / NiOx / LiClO4-PC-PMMA / WO3 / IAI / Glass ElectroChromic Device (ECD). The single IAI electrode as well as the two actives EC layers Glass / IAI / NiOx and Glass / IAI / WO3 were firstly characterized for their TC and EC properties respectively. Then, the EC properties of the complete five-layer ECD were analyzed. Fast response time (2.02 s for the bleaching and 2.25 s for complete coloration), wide optical modulation in the visible light region (~55% at 550 nm), long lifetime (more than 6000 s), large capacity and good stability as well as high coloration efficiency (31.7 cm2 C–1) were obtained. The improved EC performance of ECD were related to the good electrical and optical properties of IAI electrode.
关键词： Electrochromic characteristics,Electrochromic devices,Multilayer,Polymer gel electrolyte,Transparent conductive materials
更新于2025-09-19 17:15:36
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Electrochromic Infrared Light Modulation in Optical Waveguides
摘要： Electrochromic materials and devices have attracted much attention with their ability to tune the transmissions of visible to infrared (IR) light, allowing the creation of smart windows. This study presents a novel electrochromic device (ECD)-based photonic device that can modulate IR light intensity in a planar optical waveguide ECD. To configure it, a multilayer ECD made of WO3 is integrated on a polymer optical waveguide platform. By using the waveguide to change the optical properties of the ECD electrically, IR light propagating along the optical waveguide core undergoes electroabsorption loss due to the change in charge carrier density in WO3 layer and its intensity is modulated with an extinction depth of 0.6 dB mm?1. Experimental results show that the device is capable of discrete intensity attenuation by applying a distinct level gate voltage. Periodic application of gate voltage leads the device to serve as an optical modulator on the order of subseconds. The results also confirm that a new approach to consider ECD-based optical modulators can pave the way for the development of planar photonic-integrated circuits and systems.
关键词： infrared light modulation,optical waveguides,electrochromic devices
更新于2025-09-12 10:27:22
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Three-Mode Modulation Electrochromic Device with High Energy Efficiency for Windows of Buildings Located in Continental Climatic Regions
摘要： A sustainable use of energy in buildings demands energy-efficient windows. A new design concept for electrochromic (EC) smart windows, easy to implement at the industrial level, is introduced here. It enables simultaneous control of visible and near-infrared (NIR) solar radiation, thus contributing to reduce heating and cooling loads especially in buildings located in areas experiencing wide daily temperature ranges. The EC device comprises amorphous indium zinc oxide, a conducting oxide transparent in the visible and NIR spectral regions, as nonactive layer, and a sol–gel protonic ionic liquid-doped di-ureasil electrolyte displaying high transparency and proton conductivity. The device offers three voltage-operated modes: bright hot (+3.0 V: transmittances of 70/83% at 555/1000 nm), semi-bright warm (?2.0 V: transmittances of 37/35% at 555/1000 nm), and dark cold (?2.5 V: transmittances of 6/4% at 555/1000 nm). Its main figures of merit are: high switching efficiency (transmittance variations of 64/79% at 555/1000 nm), high optical density modulation (1.1/1.3 at 555/1000 nm), high optical contrast ratio in the visible region (lightness variation of ≈43), good cycling stability, and unprecedented coloration efficiency (?12538/?14818 cm2 C?1 and +2901/+3428 cm2 C?1 at 555/1000 nm), outstanding optical memory (transmittance variation loss of only 24% more than 4 months after coloration), and self-healing ability following mechanical stress.
关键词： di-ureasil hybrid,N-butylimidazolium trifluoromethanesulfonate,visible- and NIR-controlled electrochromic devices,amorphous indium zinc oxide,energy-efficient smart windows for buildings
更新于2025-09-10 09:29:36
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Highly transparent conductive reduced graphene oxide/silver nanowires/silver grid electrodes for low-voltage electrochromic smart windows
摘要： Transparent conductive electrodes (TCEs) based on hybrid structures (silver nanowires) have been compressively reconnoitered in next-generation electronics such as flexible displays, artificial skins, smart windows, and sensors, owing to their admirable conductivity as well as flexibility, which make them favorable substitutes to replace ITO (Indium Tin Oxide) as a transparent conductor. Nevertheless, silver-based TCEs grieve from poor stability owing to the corrosion and oxidation of silver in electrolytes. To overcome these issues, a RGO (Reduced Graphene Oxide) layer on silver was promote to resolve the difficulties of corrosion and oxidation in the electrolyte. Moreover, we successfully designed and demonstrated low-voltage WO3-based electrochromic devices (ECDs) with fabricated hybrid TCEs. The hybrid electrodes with RGO/silver nanowires/metal grid/PET (RAM) electrode exhibited improvements in the switching stability and optoelectronic properties, such as the sheet resistance (0.714 ohm/sq), as well as optical transparency of 90.9%. The coloration and bleaching behavior of the ECD was observed in an applied low-voltage range of -1.0 to 0.0 V with a maximum optical difference of 72% at 700 nm, which yielded a coloration efficiency (η) of ~33.4 cm2/C. The highly conductive hybrid TCEs exhibit favorable features for numerous embryonic flexible electronics and optoelectronic devices.
关键词： Oxidation,Silver nanowires,Electrochromic devices,Reduced graphene oxide,Corrosion
更新于2025-09-04 15:30:14