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Fullerene derivative layer induced phase separation and charge transport improvement for inverted polymer solar cells
摘要： The phase separation of donor and acceptor in bulk-heterojunction plays an important role on the exciton dissociation and charge carrier transport, which decides the performance of organic solar cells (OSCs). In this paper, the thin [6,6]-Phenyl-C71-butyric acid methyl ester (PC71BM) layer was incorporated as interlayer between active layer and the polyethylenemine electron transport layer of OSCs to realize high efficiency. Both a high short-circuit current density and fill factor were achieved, resulting in a power conversion efficiency up to 9.17% for the optimal device. The incorporation of PC71BM layer not only induced vertical phase separation of active layer to improve exciton dissociation and charge transfer but also modified surface morphology to increase light absorption of the active layer. This study offers a simple and lost cost strategy to improve performance of OSCs.
关键词： Light absorption,Electron transport,[6,6]-Phenyl-C71-butyric acid methyl ester,Exciton dissociation,Phase separation
更新于2025-09-12 10:27:22
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Non-conjugated polymers as thickness-insensitive electron transport materials in high-performance inverted organic solar cells
摘要： Two non-conjugated polymers PEIE-DBO and PEIE-DCO, prepared by quaternization of polyethyleneimine ethoxylate by 1,8-dibromooctane and 1,8-dichlorooctane respectively, are developed as electron transport layer (ETL) in high-performance inverted organic solar cells (OSCs), and the effects of halide ions on polymeric photoelectric performance are fully investigated. PEIE-DBO possesses higher electron mobility (3.68×10?4 cm2 V?1 s?1), higher conductivity and more efficient exciton dissociation and electron extraction, attributed to its lower work function (3.94 eV) than that of PEIE-DCO, which results in better photovoltaic performance in OSCs. The inverted OSCs with PTB7-Th: PC71BM as photoactive layer and PEIE-DBO as ETL exhibit higher PCE of 10.52%, 9.45% and 9.09% at the thickness of 9, 35 and 50 nm, respectively. To our knowledge, PEIE-DBO possesses the best thickness-insensitive performance in polymeric ETLs of inverted fullerene-based OSCs. Furthermore, PEIE-DBO was used to fabricate the inverted non-fullerene OSCs (PM6:Y6) and obtained a high PCE of 15.74%, which indicates that PEIE-DBO is effective both in fullerene-based OSCs and fullerene-free OSCs.
关键词： Electron transport materials,Organic solar cells,Thickness-insensitive,Non-conjugated polymer
更新于2025-09-12 10:27:22
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A low-temperature TiO2/SnO2 electron transport layer for high-performance planar perovskite solar cells; 低温 TiO2/SnO2 双电子传输层的光电性能及其在 钙钛矿电池中的应用;
摘要： Conventional titanium oxide (TiO2) as an electron transport layer (ETL) in hybrid organic-inorganic perovskite solar cells (PSCs) requires a sintering process at a high temperature to crystalize, which is not suitable for flexible PSCs and tandem solar cells with their low-temperature-processed bottom cell. Here, we introduce a low-temperature solution method to deposit a TiO2/tin oxide (SnO2) bilayer towards an efficient ETL. From the systematic measurements of optical and electronic properties, we demonstrate that the TiO2/SnO2 ETL has an enhanced charge extraction ability and a suppressed carrier recombination at the ETL/perovskite interface, both of which are beneficial to photo-generated carrier separation and transport. As a result, PSCs with TiO2/SnO2 bilayer ETLs present higher photovoltaic performance of the baseline cells compared with their TiO2 and SnO2 single-layer ETL counterparts. The champion PSC has a power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 19.11% with an open-circuit voltage (Voc) of 1.15 V, a short-circuit current density (Jsc) of 22.77 mA cm?2, and a fill factor (FF) of 72.38%. Additionally, due to the suitable band alignment of the TiO2/SnO2 ETL in the device, a high Voc of 1.18 V is achieved. It has been proven that the TiO2/SnO2 bilayer is a promising alternative ETL for high efficiency PSCs.
关键词： electron transport layer,low temperature,perovskite solar cell,energy band alignment,TiO2/SnO2
更新于2025-09-12 10:27:22
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A study on the material characteristics of low temperature cured SnO2 films for perovskite solar cells under high humidity
摘要： Electron transport layer (ETL) plays a crucial role on the fabrication of perovskite solar cells (PSCs) by separating and transporting the charge carriers. Titanium dioxide (TiO2) has been extensively used as an ETL in PSCs; however, high temperature thermal annealing requirement impedes its integration with flexible polymer substrates for roll to roll fabrication. Herein, we have demonstrated that SnO2 is a potential ETL candidate when fabricated at low temperature (180 °C) using spin coating technique. XRD and XPS analysis revealed synthesis of rutile SnO2 tetragonal phase. TEM micrographs with SAED pattern proved formation of nanosized (3 to 4 nm) crystals of SnO2 with polycrystalline phase. FESEM analysis revealed the SnO2 nanocrystals fully covered the FTO surface and elemental mapping confirmed the uniformly distribution tin (Sn) and (O) elements throughout the surface. In addition to this, transmission analysis confirmed that SnO2 film exhibited good transmission property. PSCs were fabricated in ambient air (relative humidity ranges from 55% to 65%) with concentrated SnO2 colloidal solution and diluted SnO2 with different concentrations (1:1 v/v, 1:2 v/v, 1:4 v/v and 1:6 v/v). It was found that 1:4 v/v based diluted colloidal solution of SnO2 in DI water film exhibited the highest PSC performance of 8.51% in ambient conditions. Thus, low temperature solution processed SnO2 is an efficient ETL and well-suited for low cost automated fabrication of PSCs at large scale.
关键词： Perovskite solar cells,SnO2,Low temperature,High humidity,Electron transport layer
更新于2025-09-12 10:27:22
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Phenyl-C <sub/>61</sub> -Butyric Acid as an Interface Passivation Layer for Highly Efficient and Stable Perovskite Solar Cells
摘要： Here phenyl-C61-butyric acid (PCBA) is presented as a generic passivation coating for metal oxide electron transport layers used in planar n-i-p configuration of perovskite solar cells (PSC). PCBA shows better adhesion to tin and zinc oxides due to strong acid-base interactions as compared to the conventionally used phenyl-C61-butyric acid methyl ether (PCBM). Therefore, depositing a compact PCBA passivation coating can be achieved in a much more economical way using 100 times less concentrated precursor solution. In addition, PCBA coating delivers higher power conversion efficiencies (up to 20.3%) as compared to the pristine oxide layers with or without PCBM coating. Finally, the fabricated solar cells using PCBA coating are more stable in comparison with the reference cells with conventional PCBM passivation and preserved ~70% of the initial efficiency after 1500 h of continuous 30 mW/cm2 white light illumination at 50?C.
关键词： electron transport layers,stability,perovskite solar cells,phenyl-C61-butyric acid,interface passivation
更新于2025-09-12 10:27:22
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The role of cation and anion dopant incorporated into a ZnO electron transporting layer for polymer bulk heterojunction solar cells
摘要： Doping is a widely-implemented strategy for enhancing the inherent electronic properties of charge transport layers in photovoltaic devices. A facile solution-processed zinc oxide (ZnO) and various cation and anion-doped ZnO layers were synthesized via the sol–gel method and employed as electron transport layers (ETLs) for inverted polymer solar cells (PSCs). The results indicated that all PSCs with doped ZnO ETLs exhibited better photovoltaic performance compared with the PSCs with a pristine ZnO ETL. By exploring the role of various anion and cation dopants (three compounds with the same Al3+ cation: Al(acac)3, Al(NO3)3, AlCl3 and three compounds with the same Cl? anion: NH4Cl, MgCl2, AlCl3), we found that the work function changed to favor electronic extraction only when the Cl anion was involved. In addition, the conductivity of ZnO was enhanced more with the Al3+ cation. Therefore, in inverted solar cells, doping with Al3+ and Cl? delivered the best power conversion efficiency (PCE). The maximum PCE of 10.38% was achieved from the device with ZnO doped with Al+ and Cl?.
关键词： electron transport layers,Al3+ cation,polymer solar cells,doping,Cl? anion,photovoltaic performance,power conversion efficiency,sol–gel method,zinc oxide
更新于2025-09-12 10:27:22
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Intrinsically distinct hole and electron transport in conjugated polymers controlled by intra and intermolecular interactions
摘要： It is still a matter of controversy whether the relative difference in hole and electron transport in solution-processed organic semiconductors is either due to intrinsic properties linked to chemical and solid-state structure or to extrinsic factors, as device architecture. We here isolate the intrinsic factors affecting either electron or hole transport within the same film microstructure of a model copolymer semiconductor. Relatively, holes predominantly bleach inter-chain interactions with H-type electronic coupling character, while electrons’ relaxation more strongly involves intra-chain interactions with J-type character. Holes and electrons mobility correlates with the presence of a charge transfer state, while their ratio is a function of the relative content of intra- and inter-molecular interactions. Such fundamental observation, revealing the specific role of the ground-state intra- and inter-molecular coupling in selectively assisting charge transport, allows predicting a more favorable hole or electron transport already from screening the polymer film ground state optical properties.
关键词： electron transport,organic semiconductors,conjugated polymers,charge transfer state,hole transport
更新于2025-09-11 14:15:04
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Phosphate-passivated SnO2 Electron Transport Layer for High Performance Perovskite Solar Cells
摘要： Tin oxide (SnO2) is widely used in perovskite solar cells (PSCs) as an electron transport layer (ETL) material. However, its high surface trap density has already become a strong factor of limiting PSC development. In this work, phosphoric acid is adopted to eliminate the SnO2 surface dangling bonds to improve electron collection efficiency. The phosphorus mainly exists at the boundaries in the form of chained phosphate groups, bonding with which more than 47.9% of Sn dangling bonds are eliminated. The reduction of surface trap states depresses the electron transport barriers, thus the electron mobility increases about 3 times when the concentration of phosphoric acid is optimized with 7.4 at% in the SnO2 precursor. Furthermore, the stability of the perovskite layer deposited on the phosphate-passivated SnO2 (P-SnO2) ETL is gradually improved with the increase of the concentration. Due to the higher electron collection efficiency, the P-SnO2 ETLs can dramatically promote the power conversion efficiency (PCE) of the PSCs. As a result, the champion PSC has a PCE of 21.02%. Therefore, it has been proved that this simple method is efficiently to improve the quality of ETL for high performance PSCs.
关键词： electron transport layer,phosphate passivation,tin oxide,perovskite solar cell,electron collection efficiency
更新于2025-09-11 14:15:04
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Comparison of the Features of Electron Transport and Subterahertz Generation in Diodes Based on 6-, 18-, 70-, and 120-Period GaAs/AlAs Superlattices
摘要： A comparison of the features of electron transport in diodes based on 6-, 18-, 30-, 70-, and 120-period GaAs/AlAs superlattices with a similar design is performed. However, the number of periods and diode areas are different. The values of the parasitic resistances of the near-contact diode regions are correlated, and the specific voltage drop across one superlattice period is determined for all special points in the current–voltage characteristics of the diodes. The mechanism of the appearance of stable current oscillations in diodes based on 6-, 18-, 30-, 70-, and 120-period GaAs/AlAs superlattices with a high doping level is investigated.
关键词： diodes,THz generation,electron transport,superlattices
更新于2025-09-11 14:15:04
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Electron Transport Bilayer with Cascade Energy Alignment for Efficient Perovskite Solar Cells
摘要： Energy alignment between electron transport layers (ETLs) and perovskite has a strong influence on the device performance of perovskite solar cells (PSCs). Two approaches are deployed to tune the energy level of ETLs: 1) doping ETLs with aliovalent metal cations and 2) constructing heterojunction bilayers with different materials. However, the abrupt interfaces in the heterojunction bilayers introduce undesirable carrier recombination. Herein, a homojunction bilayer ETL is developed by stacking Sb-doped SnO2 (Sb-SnO2) and SnO2 ETLs via low-temperature spin-coating processes. The energy levels of ETLs are tuned by the incorporation of Sb and altering stacking orders. Bilayer ETL of Sb-SnO2/SnO2 with cascade energy alignment promotes the best power conversion efficiency of 20.73%, surpassing single-layer ETLs of SnO2 (18.23%) and Sb-SnO2 (19.15%), whereas the SnO2/Sb-SnO2 bilayer with barricade energy alignment receives the poorest device performance. The cascade bilayer ETL facilitates charge separation and suppresses carrier recombination in PSCs, which is verified by photoluminescence, conductivity, and impedance characterizations. The homojunction bilayer ETLs with adjustable energy levels open a new direction for interface engineering toward efficient PSCs.
关键词： electron transport layers,perovskite solar cells,energy alignments,bilayer structures,tin dioxide
更新于2025-09-11 14:15:04