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Characterization of a novel silicon-containing hybrid polymer by thermal curing, pyrolysis behavior, and fluorescence analysis
摘要： A novel linear silicon-containing hybrid polymer with C C and Si H linkages, diphenyl-dihydroethynyl-silane (DPHES), had been conveniently synthesized and well characterized. The thermal curing, crosslinked structure and pyrolysis behavior were studied by DSC, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), and Pyrolysis-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (Py-GC/MS). The results suggest the crosslinked structures consist mainly of phenyl and aromatic fused rings, which are formed through cyclotrimerization, addition reaction, and hydrosilylation reaction. The thermal properties indicate that the crosslinked DPHES exhibits excellent thermal stability with the temperature at 5% weight loss are higher than 572 and 509 (cid:1)C under nitrogen and air atmosphere, respectively. The ?uorescence emission spectra show DPHES and its crosslinked product also have moderate ?uorescence properties, emitting purple light, and visible blue light, respectively, which further veri?ed the structure of DPHES. These results suggest that DPHES has the potential to be used as light-emitting materials with excellent thermal properties.
关键词： silicon-containing hybrid polymer,?uorescence property,pyrolysis behavior,thermal curing
更新于2025-09-23 15:22:29
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Powertrain control of a solar photovoltaic-battery powered hybrid electric vehicle
摘要： This paper proposes a powertrain controller for a solar photovoltaic battery powered hybrid electric vehicle (HEV). The main objective of the proposed controller is to ensure better battery management, load regulation, and maximum power extraction whenever possible from the photovoltaic panels. The powertrain controller consists of two levels of controllers named lower level controllers and a high-level control algorithm. The lower level controllers are designed to perform individual tasks such as maximum power point tracking, battery charging, and load regulation. The perturb and observe based maximum power point tracking algorithm is used for extracting maximum power from solar photovoltaic panels while the battery charging controller is designed using a PI controller. A high-level control algorithm is then designed to switch between the lower level controllers based on different operating conditions such as high state of charge, low state of charge, maximum battery current, and heavy load by respecting the constraints formulated. The developed algorithm is evaluated using theoretical simulation and experimental studies. The simulation and experimental results are presented to validate the proposed technique.
关键词： maximum power point tracking (MPPT),battery management system,solar photovoltaic,hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs)
更新于2025-09-23 15:22:29
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Metal nanowire–polymer matrix hybrid layer for triboelectric nanogenerator
摘要： In this work, we studied the surface potential of a metal–polymer hybrid layer and its effect on the performance of a triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG). Ag nanowires (AgNWs) separately embedded in two different polymers–one with a positive tribopotential and the other with a negative tribopotential–were prepared as model hybrid systems. The surface potentials of the hybrid system were systematically investigated by Kelvin probe force microscopy. The results demonstrated that each component of the hybrid layer affected the other component because of the difference in their work functions. The following two important findings were obtained. First, the surface potential of each polymer shifted drastically toward that of Ag and the surface potential of Ag shifted toward that of each polymer. Second, higher density of AgNWs led to higher Ag-induced charge density in the polymer, which consequently resulted in larger shift in the surface potential of the polymer. TENG performance measurements revealed that the tribopotential difference between the contact surfaces of the AgNW–polymer hybrid layer and the perfluoroalkoxy alkane (or Nylon) used as the top triboelectric layer governed the TENG performance. Our systematic investigation of the surface potential of a hybrid surface consisting of two materials with different surface potentials provides insight into the design of triboelectric layers for high-performance TENGs.
关键词： triboelectric nanogenerator,silver nanowire,kelvin probe force microscopy,hybrid,surface potential
更新于2025-09-23 15:22:29
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Wastewater treatment using a hybrid system combining adsorption, photocatalytic degradation and membrane filtration processes
摘要： In the present study, Chooka’s Wastewater treatment was investigated using di?erent combinations of adsorption, photocatalytic degradation, and membrane ?ltration process. Polymeric membranes were fabricated using wet phase inversion method employing polyacrylonitrile (PAN), polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), and dimethylformamide (DMF) as a polymer matrix, hydrophilic additive, and solvent, respectively. Activated carbon and TiO2 nanoparticles were selected as an adsorbent and photocatalyst, respectively. TiO2 nanoparticles were synthesized using the sol-gel method and activated carbon was purchased from Merck Company. Liquid-liquid displacement (LLDP), scanning electron microscope (SEM) and contact angle tests were implemented to characterize the fabricated membranes. FT-IR and XRD analysis were also used for TiO2 nanoparticles characterization. The wastewater of Iran pulp and paper factory (Chooka) was used as the feed in separation processes. In hybrid separation systems, 6 di?erent con?gurations were considered and wastewater compositions were measured to determine the e?ectiveness of the utilized processes before and after treatment. Accordingly, the mean pore size of the fabricated PAN/PVP (16%/3%) membrane obtained from LLDP analysis was 9.72 nm. SEM results also indicated thicker active layer for the PAN/PVP membrane than that of the neat PAN membrane. According to the results of the contact angle tests, with the increasing of PVP content in the polymer matrix, the hydrophilicity of membranes improved. It was also found that membrane ?ltration had the best performance among single stage processes and the best separation performance was achieved when photocatalytic degradation, adsorption, and membrane ?ltration were used in series, respectively.
关键词： Photocatalytic degradation,Membrane ?ltration,Adsorption,Hybrid process,Wastewater treatment
更新于2025-09-23 15:22:29
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Luminescent hybrid materials based on metal-organic phosphors in PbF2 powder and PbF2-containing glass matrix
摘要： The new hybrid materials (HM's) are based on the phosphors used in OLED technology in inorganic PbF2-containing matrices: PbF2 powders and low melting PbF2-based oxyfluoride glasses, were synthesized. We used highly effective thermostable phosphors: 4,4,5,5,6,6,7,7,8,8,9,9,9-tridecafluoro-1- (1-methyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl) nonane-1,3-dione - (1,10-phenanthroline) europium (III), 8-hydroxyquinoline complexes with metals and the individual organic ligand – 4,4,4-trifluoro-1- (2-naphthyl) butane-1,3-dione. Powdered HM's were prepared by co-precipitation from aqueous solutions. The effect of organic molecules or molecular fragments on dimension and morphology of precipitated PbF2 particles, the luminescence properties of HM's were investigated for the samples obtained directly after the precipitation-drying procedure, and after the powders' calcination procedure. The change in the photoluminescence spectra after the heat treatment of the powders is caused by the proceeding of the exchange reaction between the metal complex and the matrix with the formation of Pb-complexes of different coordination is shown. HM (glasses PbF2eB2O3, PbF2eB2O3eSiO2 or PbF2eB2O3eSiO2eZnO phosphor) were obtained by the melt process in which the phosphor powder was submerged into the melt of the pre-synthesized glasses.
关键词： Lead fluoride,Lead fluoride nanoparticles,Hybrid materials,Luminescence,Organic phosphors
更新于2025-09-23 15:22:29
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High-Performance Lignin-based Water-Soluble Macromolecular Photoinitiator for the Fabrication of Hybrid Hydrogel
摘要： Developing low-migration macromolecular photoinitiators (macro PIs) is significant to achieve the sufficient biosafety of photopolymers. In this study, for the first time lignin was introduced into photoinitiating systems. A novel lignin-based water-soluble macro PI (L-PEG-2959) was designed and synthesized by introducing water-soluble PEG chain and photoinitiating moiety into lignin backbone simultaneously. A series of characterizations were performed, including 1H NMR, FTIR, UV-Vis, GPC and TGA analysis, which indicated that L-PEG-2959 has excellent light absorption property within 200–400 nm, high initiating efficiency and superior water-solubility. Additionally, L-PEG-2959 could be compatible well with glycidyl methacrylate modified gelatin (Gel-GMA) and initiate the photopolymerization of Gel-GMA quickly under UV irradiation to form a chemical crosslinking hybrid hydrogel. Compared with the neat hydrogel made by Gel-GMA initiated with Irgacure2959, a commercial small molecular PI, the hybrid hydrogels presented controllable swelling property, increased mechanical strength, remarkably reduced precipitates and enhanced biosafety. The results indicated the great potential of lignin-based macro PIs in preparing biosafety photopolymers.
关键词： macromolecular photoinitiator,Lignin,hybrid hydrogel,low migration,water solubility
更新于2025-09-23 15:22:29
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Enhanced generation of reactive oxygen species and photocatalytic activity by Pt-based metallic nanostructures: the composition matters
摘要： The modification of semiconductor nanostructures with metallic nanocomponents can promote the separation of electron/hole from photoexited semiconductors by forming heterojunctions, thus exhibit enhanced photocatalytic activities and potential applications. In this study, Pt-based NPs, including Pt, PtCu, and PtCuCo are employed as model co-catalysts to comparatively study their capability to enhance the photocatalytic activity of TiO2 nanosheets. It was found that each of Pt, PtCu, and PtCuCo can greatly enhance the photocatalytic activity of TiO2 toward degradation of organic dyes. Using electron spin resonance spectroscopy, we demonstrated that deposition of Pt-based NPs resulted in more production of reactive oxygen species including hydroxyl radicals, superoxide, and singlet oxygen. The enhancing effects of Pt-based NPs on generation of ROS and photocatalytic activity showed same trend: PtCuCo > PtCu > Pt. The mechanism underlying the enhancement differences in Pt-based NPs may be mainly related to electronic structure change of Pt in alloying with Cu and Co. These results are valuable for designing hybrid nanomaterials with high photocatalytic efficiency for applications in water purification and antibacterial products.
关键词： photocatalysis,hybrid nanostructures,reactive oxygen species,PtCuCo,TiO2
更新于2025-09-23 15:22:29
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[IEEE 2018 IEEE CPMT Symposium Japan (ICSJ) - Kyoto, Japan (2018.11.19-2018.11.21)] 2018 IEEE CPMT Symposium Japan (ICSJ) - 400G Multi-Mode and Single-Mode Optical Transmitter Realized by Hybrid-Integrated Silicon Interposer for Data Center Application
摘要： We experimentally demonstrated both 400G multi-mode (MM) and single-mode (SM) optical engines based on Silicon interposer to hybrid integrate laser dice, optics, and fiber arrays. The interposer realized by Silicon bulk micro-machining makes the engine very compact and easily assembled by the built-in Silicon precision. Clear optical eyes with TDECQ of 1.7dB and of 2.7 dB are obtained for 50Gb/s VCSEL in MM optical engine and 100Gb/s EML in SM one, respectively.
关键词： Optical Engine,Hybrid-Integration,VCSEL,Optical Sub-Assembly (OSA),and EML Laser,Silicon Interposer,Silicon Photonics
更新于2025-09-23 15:22:29
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Hybrid Beamforming for Millimeter Wave Systems Using the MMSE Criterion
摘要： Hybrid analog and digital beamforming (HBF) has recently emerged as an attractive technique for millimeter-wave (mmWave) communication systems. It well balances the demand for sufficient beamforming gains to overcome the propagation loss and the desire to reduce the hardware cost and power consumption. In this paper, the mean square error (MSE) is chosen as the performance metric to characterize the transmission reliability. Using the minimum sum-MSE criterion, we investigate the HBF design for broadband mmWave transmissions. To overcome the difficulty of solving the multi-variable design problem, the alternating minimization method is adopted to optimize the hybrid transmit and receive beamformers alternatively. Specifically, a manifold optimization based HBF algorithm is firstly proposed, which directly handles the constant modulus constraint of the analog component. Its convergence is then proved. To reduce the computational complexity, we then propose a low-complexity general eigenvalue decomposition based HBF algorithm in the narrowband scenario and three algorithms via the eigenvalue decomposition and orthogonal matching pursuit methods in the broadband scenario. A particular innovation in our proposed alternating minimization algorithms is a carefully designed initialization method, which leads to faster convergence. Furthermore, we extend the sum-MSE based design to that with weighted sum-MSE, which is then connected to the spectral efficiency based design. Simulation results show that the proposed HBF algorithms achieve significant performance improvement over existing ones, and perform close to full-digital beamforming.
关键词： Minimum mean square error (MMSE),Alternating optimization,Manifold optimization (MO),Hybrid analog and digital beamforming (HBF),Millimeter-wave (mmWave) communications
更新于2025-09-23 15:22:29
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Flip-Chip Integration of InP and SiN
摘要： We present an interface for hybrid flip-chip integration of InP based laser sources to silicon nitride based photonic platforms. The design enables efficient high optical power coupling over a wide temperature range. The optical modes of laser and SiN chip are expanded using integrated tapers allowing for high alignment tolerance. The chips comprise physical alignment stops for vertical alignment. In the horizontal direction, the integration interface is optimized for active and/or visual alignment with high precision using precise visual alignment marks. The hybrid integrated chip shows a waveguide coupled optical power of more than 40mW and can operate at elevated temperatures up to 85°C.
关键词： silicon photonics,silicon nitride,flip-chip,laser,hybrid integration
更新于2025-09-23 15:22:29