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Measuring heavy metal content in bone using portable X-ray fluorescence
摘要： The ability of inorganic-based analytical chemistry techniques to quantify trace amounts of heavy metals in skeletal remains has been integral for understanding health and social status in human populations. Low detection limits and the sensitivity of inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) and other techniques to most elements on the periodic table are ideally suited for the quantification of lead (Pb) and other heavy metals in bone. However, the time required for sample preparation and analysis, expense, destructive analytical process, and availability of instrumentation often limit researchers’ ability to utilise these techniques for archaeological applications. This paper explores the use of portable X-ray fluorescence (XRF) instrumentation for heavy metal analysis of bone as an alternative to more traditional analytical techniques. XRF has been shown to be an extremely useful tool for archaeologists seeking to conduct quantitative analyses of cultural materials such as obsidian and metals. However, little research has been undertaken to assess the usefulness of portable XRF for measuring heavy metals found in low concentrations in archaeological bone. This paper compares data derived from ICP-MS and portable XRF analyses of bone. Results demonstrate that XRF analyses of bone are problematic due to diagenesis and variability of Pb content in bone.
关键词： LA-ICP-MS,lead,human bone,portable XRF
更新于2025-09-10 09:29:36
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Measurement of Argon emission spectral of ICP plasma using a diagnostic system based on photomultiplier tubes array
摘要： Optical emission spectroscopy (OES) is one of the most important diagnostic tools in plasma physics. A self-built spectroscopic diagnostic system, owning temporal and spatial resolution, has been constructed using photo multiplier tubes (PMTs) array, spectrometer and other parts. The problem of superposition between inlet plane of bundle fiber and the focal plane of the spectrometer is analyzed and solved. In addition, the synchronization regulation of output of PMTs has been completed. This system is installed on an inductively coupled (ICP) plasma chamber in order to study the Argon (Ar) emission spectrum generated from typical radio frequency (RF) and pulse discharges. The test results show that the intensity of Ar emission spectrum increases with the power and pressure, but increase less with the flow and current ratio. Under pulse discharge condition, the intensity of spectrum does not change with the frequency, neither does the broadening of spectrum with time.
关键词： PMTs array,ICP plasma,Argon emission spectrum,Optical emission spectroscopy,RF and pulse discharges
更新于2025-09-10 09:29:36
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Titanium coverage for plasma-induced uniform HfSiON film from Hf nanoscale islands on SiO <sub/>2</sub> /Si
摘要： Signi?cant improvement of the in-plane uniformity of an HfSiON ?lm is enabled by a Ti coverage over Hf islands on an SiO2/Si substrate. Surface diffusion of Hf during an HfSiON ?lm growth from Hf (island)/SiO2/Si structure induced by a nitrogen inductively coupled plasma (ICP) exposure is effectively suppressed by the Ti coverage. The nitrogen ICP exposure to the Ti/Hf (island)/SiO2/Si surface forms a TiN layer, which suppresses the surface diffusion of Hf by lowering the surface energy. Even a small Ti coverage of 5% is effective for the uniform Hf concentration in the HfSiON ?lm. The uniformity of the ?lm is monitored by an in vacuo noncontact AFM and a cross-sectional SEM imaging. An ex situ XPS analysis indicates that the TiN layer is sputtered by the ion bombardment and the Ti content in the ?lm decreases less than 1%. The intermixing of Si with Hf and the subsequent nitridation of the ?lm is successfully performed even the surface is covered with TiN. The mercury probe measurement revealed that the improved uniformity by the Ti coverage increases the capacitance and reduces the leakage current of the high-k dielectric ?lm.
关键词： uniform film,capacitance,HfSiON,Ti coverage,leakage current,nitrogen ICP,surface diffusion,plasma-induced,TiN layer
更新于2025-09-09 09:28:46
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Nano ZrO2 Synthesis by Extraction of Zr(IV) from ZrO(NO3)2 by PC88A, and Determination of Extraction Impurities by ICP-MS
摘要： High purity Zirconium (Zr) materials are essential in many components of nuclear reactors, especially fuel cladding tubes. Due to the matrix in?uence, determination of impurities in the Zr materials requires separation from the Zr matrix. Among extraction methods, solvent extraction is common and suitable for large-scale production. In this study, extraction capability of Zr(IV) by 2-ethylhexyl phosphonic acid mono 2-ethylhexyl ester (PC88A) was examined by FT-IR and UV of ZrO(NO3)2 salt, PC88A-toluene solvent, and Zr-PC88A-toluene complex. ZrO2 (obtained from Institute for Technology of Radioactive and Rare Elements—ITRRE), after being separated from the Zr matrix, was determined for impurities using internal standard (indium, In) by 50% of PC88A dissolved in toluene. Separation of impurities from the Zr matrix underwent two stages. First, one cycle of extraction of the Zr matrix and impurities in 3 M HNO3 using 50% PC88A/toluene was conducted. Second, impurities were scrubbed by 4 M HNO3 in two cycles. Results revealed that approximately 74% of Zr(IV) was separated to the organic phase and 26% remained in the aqueous phase. Determination of impurities after separation from the Zr matrix by ICP-MS using internal standard in revealed that the recovery of impurities achieved 95–100%. With the mentioned amount of Zr, the effect of the Zr matrix on the determination of elements by ICP-MS is negligible. Levels of impurities have relative standard deviations (RSD) of less than 6.9% and recovery of 88.6–98.8%. Therefore, the determination of impurities has high reliability and accuracy. The back-extraction of Zr(IV) in organic phase by 1 M H2SO4 has stripped about 99.5% of the Zr matrix back to the aqueous phase. Following this, NH3 was added to the solution containing Zr after back-extraction to form Zr(OH)4 which was then desiccated to produce ZrO2. X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Scanning and Transmission Electron Microscopy (SEM and TEM) images showed that the new ZrO2 product has spherical nanostructure with diameters of less than 25 nm, which is suitable for applications for the treatment of colorants, metal ions in wastewater sources and manufacture of anti-corrosion steel. In addition, the energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) of the new ZrO2 product showed that it has high purity.
关键词： extraction,nano ZrO2,impurities,PC88A,ICP-MS,high purity Zr
更新于2025-09-09 09:28:46
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Investigation of a Rapid Infrared Heating Assisted Mineralization of Soybean Matrices for Trace Element Analysis
摘要： A fast sample preparation procedure based on use of infrared (IR) assisted heating for mineralization of soybean derived samples has been developed for their subsequent multielement analysis by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES) and flame atomic absorption spectrometry (FAAS). A cold finger was examined for refluxing of acid vapors to determine its impact on efficiency and economy of digestion. The optimized procedure, based on 1 g subsamples, 8 ml of HNO3 (65% w/w) and exposure of the mixture to a 500 W IR source for 5 min without refluxing, permitted accurate determination of all analytes in NIST SRM 1568b (rice flour). Detection limits using ICP-OES were (μg/kg) 97, 1.0, 39, 185, 0.47 and 1200 for Ca, Cu, Fe, K, Mn and P, respectively, and 18 for Zn by FAAS. The IR-assisted digestion approach provided a low cost, easy to use system having great potential for implementation in routine analysis of trace elements in soybean and similar matrices.
关键词： ICP-OES,soybean,infrared radiation,sample preparation,trace element analysis
更新于2025-09-04 15:30:14
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[IEEE 2018 - 3DTV-Conference: The True Vision - Capture, Transmission and Display of 3D Video (3DTV-CON) - Helsinki (2018.6.3-2018.6.5)] 2018 - 3DTV-Conference: The True Vision - Capture, Transmission and Display of 3D Video (3DTV-CON) - ICP WITH DEPTH COMPENSATION FOR CALIBRATION OF MULTIPLE TOF SENSORS
摘要： We propose an iterative closest point (ICP) based calibration for time of flight (ToF) multiple depth sensors. For the multiple sensor calibrations, we usually use 2D patterns calibration with IR images. The depth sensor output depends on calibration parameters at a factory; thus, the re-calibration must include gaps from the calibration in the factory. Therefore, we use direct correspondences among depth values, and the calibrating extrinsic parameters by using ICP. Usually, simultaneous localization and mapping (SLAM) uses ICP, such as KinectFusion. The case of multiple sensor calibrations, however, is harder than the SLAM case. In this case, the distance between cameras is too far to apply ICP. Therefore, we modify the ICP based calibration for multiple sensors. The proposed method uses specific calibration objects to enforce the matching ability among sensors. Also, we proposed a compensation method for ToF depth map distortions.
关键词： Calibration,Multiple RGB-D camera,ToF,ICP,Multiple Kinect
更新于2025-09-04 15:30:14