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Predicting interval and screen-detected breast cancers from mammographic density defined by different brightness thresholds
摘要： Background: Case–control studies show that mammographic density is a better risk factor when defined at higher than conventional pixel-brightness thresholds. We asked if this applied to interval and/or screen-detected cancers. Method: We conducted a nested case–control study within the prospective Melbourne Collaborative Cohort Study including 168 women with interval and 422 with screen-detected breast cancers, and 498 and 1197 matched controls, respectively. We measured absolute and percent mammographic density using the Cumulus software at the conventional threshold (Cumulus) and two increasingly higher thresholds (Altocumulus and Cirrocumulus, respectively). Measures were transformed and adjusted for age and body mass index (BMI). Using conditional logistic regression and adjusting for BMI by age at mammogram, we estimated risk discrimination by the odds ratio per adjusted standard deviation (OPERA), calculated the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) and compared nested models using the likelihood ratio criterion and models with the same number of parameters using the difference in Bayesian information criterion (ΔBIC). Results: For interval cancer, there was very strong evidence that the association was best predicted by Cumulus as a percentage (OPERA = 2.33 (95% confidence interval (CI) 1.85–2.92); all ΔBIC > 14), and the association with BMI was independent of age at mammogram. After adjusting for percent Cumulus, no other measure was associated with risk (all P > 0.1). For screen-detected cancer, however, the associations were strongest for the absolute and percent Cirrocumulus measures (all ΔBIC > 6), and after adjusting for Cirrocumulus, no other measure was associated with risk (all P > 0.07). Conclusion: The amount of brighter areas is the best mammogram-based measure of screen-detected breast cancer risk, while the percentage of the breast covered by white or bright areas is the best mammogram-based measure of interval breast cancer risk, irrespective of BMI. Therefore, there are different features of mammographic images that give clinically important information about different outcomes.
关键词： Masking effect,Interval cancer,Screen-detected,Mammographic density,Australian women,Nested case–control cohort study,Mammography,Breast cancer
更新于2025-09-23 15:23:52
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Evaluation of exciton diffusion length in highly oriented fullerene films of fullerene/p-Si(100) hybrid solar cells
摘要： Highly oriented fullerene (C60) films on p-Si (100) substrates were fabricated to evaluate the crystallinity dependent exciton diffusion length of C60 (LC60). The crystal structure of the C60 films was examined using grazing incidence X-ray diffraction (GIXD). The results of an in-plane rocking scan and a pole figure suggested that a 12-fold-symmetry crystal was grown with the C60(111) surface interfaced to the Si(100) substrate. The photovoltaic characteristics of the oriented C60/p-Si(100) hybrid solar cells were evaluated. A masking effect was clearly evident in the incident photon-to-current conversion efficiency (IPCE) spectra. LC60 was evaluated using both experimental IPCE spectra and that produced by one-dimensional-optical simulation. It was concluded that LC60 for highly oriented C60 was 60 nm, which was longer than that of disordered C60 films.
关键词： crystal growth,hybrid solar cells,fullerene (C60),exciton diffusion length,grazing incidence X-ray diffraction (GIXD),masking effect
更新于2025-09-11 14:15:04