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mmWave CMOS Power Amplifiers for 5G Cellular Communication
摘要： This article covers the basics of millimeter-wave PA design in CMOS technology for integrated phased arrays, targeting the upcoming 5G new radio (NR) cellular communication standard. Key PA figures of merit, as well as application of beam-forming phased arrays to combine power over-the-air, are briefly reviewed. Then, starting from practical handset form factor constraints and system-level drivers, CMOS-specific technological and design-related challenges are conceptually illustrated using a simple single-transistor PA. A survey of the state-of-the-art is presented to give examples of the challenges and illustrate the PA techniques used to tackle them in linear 28-GHz CMOS PAs for 5G NR.
关键词： beam-forming,efficiency,linearity,millimeter-wave,power amplifier,phased array,CMOS,5G
更新于2025-09-23 15:22:29
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[IEEE 2018 China International SAR Symposium (CISS) - Shanghai (2018.10.10-2018.10.12)] 2018 China International SAR Symposium (CISS) - Design of Multi-Channel MMW Transmitter Module with High Isolation
摘要： This paper proposes a multi-channel millimeter wave transmitter module with high isolation between channels. For reducing its cost, one multi-layer FR4 board is used to realize the routing of DC and control signals in each channel. Power divider MMICs, capacitors, and resistors are sealed on the top metal layer of FR4. Furthermore, a Rogers 5880 board which implements the millimeter wave transmission, can obtain low insertion loss. In order to get high isolation between channels and series amplifiers, some metal iris walls are introduced to acquire better physical isolation. Electro-magnetic simulation of the cavity is demonstrated to push the resonant frequencies away from work frequency. Finally, the millimeter wave transmitter module is presented with an extremely low weight of only 41 grams by this technology, its output power greater than 35.5dBm and efficiency higher than 16 percent, respectively.
关键词： high isolation,millimeter wave,multi-channel,transmitter module
更新于2025-09-23 15:22:29
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In-band Full-Duplex Relay-Assisted Millimeter-Wave System Design
摘要： Millimeter-wave (mmWave) communication is a promising technology for future wireless systems due to the availability of huge unlicensed bandwidth. However, the need for large number of radio frequency (RF) chains associated with the antenna array and the corresponding increase in hardware complexity and power consumption are major stumbling blocks to its implementability. In this paper, we propose a low-complexity in-band full-duplex relay-assisted mmWave communication system design. We obtain the proposed multiple-input multiple-output analog–digital hybrid transceivers and relay filters by minimizing the overall sum-mean-square-error while mitigating the effect of residual loopback self-interference (LSI) in the system. The number of RF chains required in the proposed design is less than the number of antennas. We first present a design assuming the availability of perfect channel state information (CSI) at all the nodes. Later, we extend it to a robust design assuming a more realistic scenario, where the available CSI is imperfect. Furthermore, the LSI channel knowledge is assumed to be imperfect for both the designs rendering them robust to errors in loopback CSI. We employ sparse approximation technique to reduce the hardware complexity in the proposed system designs. The proposed algorithms are shown to converge to a limit even though the global convergence is hard to prove since the overall problem is non-convex. The hardware complexity-performance tradeoff of the proposed design is analyzed. Furthermore, the resilience of the robust design in the presence of CSI errors and the performance of both the proposed designs over various parameters are illustrated via numerical simulations.
关键词： robust design,Full-duplex,residual self-interference,millimeter-wave communication,hybrid beamforming
更新于2025-09-23 15:22:29
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[IEEE 2018 IEEE Asia-Pacific Conference on Antennas and Propagation (APCAP) - Auckland (2018.8.5-2018.8.8)] 2018 IEEE Asia-Pacific Conference on Antennas and Propagation (APCAP) - A High-Efficiency 35GHz Rectenna with compact structure for rectenna arrays
摘要： A 35GHz rectenna with high efficiency and compact structure is proposed in this paper. A patch antenna fed by the coupling slot is employed to receive power from free space. The structure of designed rectifier is compact and printed on the bottom side of the antenna. The input low-pass or band-pass filter of the rectifier is removed. Instead, a short ended microstrip line is introduced as a band stop structure to block the harmonics and match the impendence. This circuit configuration highly simplifies the total topology and is suitable for rectenna arrays applications. Furthermore, removing the input filters reduced the insertion loss and thus improved the microwave-to-dc (MW-DC) conversion efficiency. The rectenna is designed, fabricated and measured, a maximum MW-DC efficiency of 53.2% is achieved for a power density of 51.2 mW/cm2 with the dc load 250 Ω at 35 GHz.
关键词： compact structure,millimeter-wave rectenna,high conversion efficiency,WPT
更新于2025-09-23 15:22:29
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[IEEE 2018 IEEE 5G World Forum (5GWF) - Silicon Valley, CA, USA (2018.7.9-2018.7.11)] 2018 IEEE 5G World Forum (5GWF) - 5G-NR Bandwidth Efficient Modulation Options for Efficient Link Operation that are Compatible with mmW Transistor Nonlinearities
摘要： The 5G network has a goal to significantly increase its energy efficiency with respect to the energy draw of the LTE network. The decision to use OFDM-based modulation for 5G-NR forces a low-valued ceiling on achievable energy efficiency from any linear power amplifier. This ceiling is lowest for amplifiers operating at frequencies near and above 30 GHz: the millimeter-wave bands. Transistors behave differently at these high frequencies, and the modulation used must change to match to these different characteristics. Ring oriented constellations with polar filtering meet these changed conditions.
关键词： transmitter,millimeter wave,efficiency,5G,new radio
更新于2025-09-23 15:21:21
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Gradient Projection-Based Alternating Minimization Algorithm for Designing Hybrid Beamforming in Millimeter-Wave MIMO Systems
摘要： This study considers the use of alternating minimization (AltMin) framework as the main design principle in determining the optimal weights of hybrid digital and analog beamforming in millimeter-wave massive multiple-input multiple-output systems. However, such framework experiences analog beamformer design problem because analog beamformers are normally constructed using phase shifters (PSs), which result in non-convex constraints, and known solutions suffer from high computational complexity. We address this issue by proposing a simple yet efficient gradient projection (GP)-based AltMin (GP-AltMin) algorithm for hybrid beamforming design problems. In addition, when quantized PSs are adopted, we propose non-uniform PSs on the basis of the Lloyd-Max algorithm for minimizing the performance loss caused by quantization. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed GP-AltMin algorithm not only has lower complexity but can also achieve spectral efficiency, which is comparable with or higher than those of state-of-the-art algorithms that use unquantized and low-resolution PSs.
关键词： gradient projection,massive MIMO,Beamforming,finite resolution phase shifters,millimeter-wave
更新于2025-09-23 15:21:21
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Study of Polarization Strategy for High Power Millimeter Wave with Two Identical Reflective Gratings
摘要： For high-power millimeter systems, re?ective gratings (RGs) are usually used to control the wave polarization. This paper presents the polarization strategy with two identical RGs. We use the coordinate transformation method for the RG design. A code based on this method is checked by numerical examples and also low-power experiments. Experiments are carried out at frequencies of 60, 70, and 105 GHz. Four gratings are manufactured for test. We present and compare calculated results of the coordinate transformation method with the numerical results of the integral method and low-power test results. The comparison results indicate that the calculation results of the code are accurate and reliable. Finally, the polarization strategy with two identical RGs is studied with the code. Parameters and polarization characteristics including the bandwidth of designed gratings are given.
关键词： optical polarization,Gratings,millimeter-wave (mmW) technology
更新于2025-09-23 15:21:21
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A Low-cost Ka-band Circularly Polarized Passive Phased-Array Antenna for Mobile Satellite Applications
摘要： This paper presents a low-profile, high-performance, and low-cost Ka-band circularly polarized (CP) passive phased-array antenna (PAA) system. A 1 × 4 passive sub-array operating at the Ka-band frequency band is investigated, developed, and tested as a possible building block for mobile satellite communication systems. In particular, a CP antenna integrated with a high-performance passive phase shifter is presented and experimentally verified. A new low-cost and low-profile magnetic actuator is proposed to precisely control the phase state of the phase shifter. A 3-D printed polymer package is utilized to enclose the phase shifter and reduce the environmental effects. The proposed CP passive PAA achieves high performance right hand circularly polarized (RHCP) radiation with high cross-polarization discrimination over a wide scan angle from 0o to ±38o over the frequency band (29.5-30.5 GHz). An AR < 3dB is demonstrated over the entire scanning range. Moreover, the measured radiation efficiency is 60% at bore-sight. The gain drops by 1 dB at ±38o scanning angles.
关键词： satellite mobile communication,millimeter-wave phased-array antenna,phase shifter,Circularly polarized antenna
更新于2025-09-23 15:21:21
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COMPACT ROTMAN LENS STRUCTURE CONFIGURATIONS TO SUPPORT MILLIMETER WAVE DEVICES
摘要： The development of modern communication devices for the latest technologies such as 5G has brought the millimeter wave technology into the spotlight because it offers higher data rates and bandwidth. Since highly directional transmissions are necessary for communication in these frequencies due to high path loss and atmospheric absorption, the use of adaptive antennas is inevitable. Rotman lenses have long been used as analog beam forming networks to support linear array antennas for electronic scanning. Their broad bandwidth and planar structure make them ideal for a variety of applications. However, their overall dimensions can be prohibitive especially for large scan angles. In this paper, we propose a few compact configurations that reduce the overall dimensions of Rotman lens as much as 50% without degrading its performance.
关键词： compact configurations,Rotman lens,millimeter wave,beam forming networks,electronic scanning
更新于2025-09-23 15:21:21
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[IEEE IGARSS 2018 - 2018 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium - Valencia, Spain (2018.7.22-2018.7.27)] IGARSS 2018 - 2018 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium - Calculation of Long-Term Tropospheric Attenuation Statistics Using Weather Cubes
摘要： An initial investigation into the use of Weather Cubes compiled using the atmospheric characterization package Laser Environmental Effects Definition and Reference (LEEDR) to calculate long-term attenuation statistics for remote sensing and satellite communication simulations is presented. A Weather Cube is a three-dimensional mesh of numerical weather prediction (NWP) data plus LEEDR calculations that allows for the quantification of rain, cloud, aerosol, and molecular effects at any UV to RF wavelength on any path contained within the cube. This work compares total path attenuation probability of exceedance curves derived using a single profile of numerical predication data to ground based radiometric measurements of slant-path attenuation in the V & W bands as well as relevant International Telecommunication Union Recommendations. The results of this work demonstrate the need for further investigation into this methodology. The use of single profile of numerical weather prediction data to create a Weather Cube does not capture the highest attenuation events which occur at the lowest exceedance probabilities.
关键词： Attenuation Study,Millimeter Wave
更新于2025-09-23 15:21:21