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Origin of Bypass Diode Fault in c-Si Photovoltaic Modules: Leakage Current under High Surrounding Temperature
摘要： Bypass diodes have been widely utilized in crystalline silicon (c-Si) photovoltaic (PV) modules to maximize the output of a PV module array under partially shaded conditions. A Schottky diode is used as the bypass diode in c-Si PV modules due to its low operating voltage. In this work, we systematically investigated the origin of bypass diode faults in c-Si PV modules operated outdoors. The temperature of the inner junction box where the bypass diode is installed increases as the ambient temperature increases. Its temperature rises to over 70 ?C on sunny days in summer. As the temperature of the junction box increases from 25 to 70 ?C, the leakage current increases up to 35 times under a reverse voltage of 15 V. As a result of the high leakage current of the bypass diode at high temperature, melt down of the junction barrier between the metal and semiconductor has been observed in damaged diodes collected from abnormally functioning PV modules. Thus, it is believed that the constant leakage current applied to the junction caused the melting of the junction, thereby resulting in a failure of both the bypass diode and the c-Si PV module.
关键词： diode junction melt,bypass diode of PV module,leakage current,temperature inside the junction box
更新于2025-09-12 10:27:22
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Description of short circuit current of outdoor photovoltaic modules by multiple regression analysis under various solar irradiance levels
摘要： Short-circuit current (ISC) values of test photovoltaic (PV) modules, i.e., multi-crystalline silicon, heterostructure-with-intrinsic-thin-layer, single-crystalline silicon back-contact, CuInSe2 (CIS), and CdTe modules, are descripted using multiple regression analysis based on environmental factors (solar irradiance, average photon energy (APE), and module temperature (Tmod)) under several solar irradiance levels. The APE is an index of the solar spectral irradiance distribution. PV module irradiance sensor is used to investigate simultaneous solar irradiance (PVMS), single-crystalline silicon PV module, (IrrTPVMS). It is disclosed that ISC is primarily determined by IrrTPVMS. Error between the estimated ISC and measured ISC of test PV modules is investigated. Consequently, precise ISC description (low error) is obtained when IrrTPVMS is utilized. The more precise description of the ISC for CIS and CdTe PV modules, having the bandgap (Eg) different from PVMS, is realized when adding APE environment factor even under low IrrTPVMS ((cid:1)0 kW/m2), accumulated on both sunny day and cloudy day suggesting the enhancement of investigation opportunity. This is because APE minimizes spectral mismatch error caused by Eg difference between PVMS and test PV module. Moreover, the precision of ISC description is further increased under enhanced IrrTPVMS of (cid:1)0.5 kW/m2 (on sunny day) due to stable solar irradiance.
关键词： Multiple regression analysis,Solar irradiance levels,PV module irradiance sensor,Short-circuit current
更新于2025-09-12 10:27:22
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Experimental study of observed defects in mini-modules based on crystalline silicone solar cell under damp heat and thermal cycle testing
摘要： In this study, consumer type multicrystalline modules are investigated. To assess the long-term reliability of photovoltaic (PV) multicrystalline modules, extended thermal cycling and damp heat testing were performed. This study focused on four multicrystalline modules. Two modules were subjected to 85 °C/85% damp heat testing at 1000 h and 1300 h, respectively. The other two modules were subjected to thermal cycle test of 55 cycles and 66 cycles, respectively. After testing, all 4 solar panels were investigated with the help of visual inspection, thermography, electroluminescence and IV-curve measurements. The main degradations observed were corrosion, hot spot and delamination.
关键词： Thermal cycle,Degradation,Mini-module,Damp-heat
更新于2025-09-12 10:27:22
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AIP Conference Proceedings [AIP Publishing INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON GREEN AND SUSTAINABLE TECHNOLOGY (ISGST2019) - Perak, Malaysia (23–26 April 2019)] INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON GREEN AND SUSTAINABLE TECHNOLOGY (ISGST2019) - Lab-scale manufacturing of medium-sized N.I.C.E.? modules with high-efficiency bifacial silicon heterojunction solar cells
摘要： One promising PV module technology in terms of reducing expensive consumables while keeping the performance on a high level is the N.I.C.E.? (New Industrial Solar Cell Encapsulation) module technology from Apollon Solar that is based on mechanical pressing contacts. In this paper, we investigate the question if the N.I.C.E.? module technology is well suited for temperature-sensitive silicon heterojunction (SHJ) solar cells. We present challenges encountered during the ramp-up of our lab-scale manufacturing from 1x1 to 3x4 modules. In the experimental study, we used SHJ cells with different front metal pastes and could demonstrate the high performance of N.I.C.E.? technology irrespective of the type of paste. Record aperture area module efficiencies of 20.6% are achieved and the LIV parameters are modeled via SunSolve? simulations. We derive from our investigations that this eco-friendly, recyclable technology is well competitive to standard laminate-based module technology.
关键词： N.I.C.E.?,solar cells,module technology,silicon heterojunction,efficiency
更新于2025-09-12 10:27:22
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IoT-Based Health Monitoring System Using BeagleBone Black with Optical Sensor
摘要： There is an increase in the number of chronic and heart diseases due to work culture etc. The current hospital-centric system is becoming inefficient to treat patients that demand immediate attention and this can efficiently be implemented by using the Internet of Things (IoT) technology. The aim of this paper is to implement IoT-based health monitoring system which measures temperature, blood pressure, and heartbeat of a patient located remotely and send the data to the doctor for analyzing the condition of the patient. And also an optical light sensor is used to check the light condition in the patient room and based on the sensor value the light will be controlled (ON/OFF). The system is implemented using a BeagleBone Black (BBB) development board. This model saves the work time of the doctors to check the patient’s condition. By using the Global System for Mobile communication (GSM), the patient’s data is sent to the cloud through which the doctor can monitor the parameters anywhere in the world using the mobile application or web page.
关键词： GSM module,BeagleBone Black,temperature sensor,optical light sensor,heartbeat sensor,blood pressure sensor
更新于2025-09-12 10:27:22
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Realtime monitoring on the HIT photovoltaic module characteristic parameters at STC, high and low irradiance conditions in Algeria
摘要： This paper deals with the study on 233 Wp HIT PV module characteristics that defines its performance and operation. The chosen HIT PV module is exposed to outdoor conditions at Saida City of Algeria. The module is tested in high irradiance and low irradiance situations that were recorded over a specific year. Based on the monitored data in these two situations, its performance characteristics were evaluated and compared with standard test condition parameters. From the results it is observed that, irradiance variation effects the HIT PV module characteristics. The variation in maximum power extracted, efficiency, and fill factor were observed. Apart from this weather parameters like ambient temperature, module temperature, wind speed, and relative humidity had also influenced the performance characteristics of HIT PV module.
关键词： fill factor,HIT PV module,PV monitoring,outdoor characteristics,Photovoltaics,PV efficiency,high, low and STC irradiance
更新于2025-09-12 10:27:22
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Hardware Approach to Mitigate the Effects of Module Mismatch in a Grid-connected Photovoltaic System: A Review
摘要： This study reviews the hardware approach to mitigate the e?ects of module mismatch in a grid-connected photovoltaic (PV) system. Unlike software solutions, i.e. the maximum power tracking algorithm, hardware techniques are well suited to enhance energy yield because of their inherent ability to extract energy from the mismatched module. Despite the extra cost of the additional circuitry, hardware techniques have recently gained popularity because of their long-term ?nancial bene?ts. Notwithstanding the growing interest in this topic, review papers that provide updates on the technological developments of the three main hardware solutions, namely micro inverter, DC power optimizer, and energy recovery circuits, are lacking. This is in contrast to software solutions, which have had a considerable number of reputable reviews. Thus, a comprehensive review paper is appropriate at this juncture to provide up-to-date information on the latest topologies, highlight their merits/drawbacks, and evaluate their comparative performance.
关键词： micro inverter,hardware solutions,maximum power point tracker,photovoltaic,DC power optimizer,energy recovery,partial shading,module mismatch
更新于2025-09-12 10:27:22
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Separation Between Silicon and Aluminum Powders Contained Within Pulverized Scraped Silicon-Based Waste Solar Cells by Flotation Method
摘要： There are few study examples on the separation of metals by floating method. In this study, separation of silicon and aluminum, which are the main components of silicon-based solar cell module, was carried out by floating method in order to purify silicon from waste solar cell module. The selection of surfactant, control of electric charge, wettability of the solid particles, surface tensions, and bubble surface area are important for separation of solids by floating method. Sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) can increase the hydrophobicity of aluminum powder due to the difference of surface potentials between silicon and aluminum. SDS behaves as a collector of aluminum as well as a frothing agent to decrease the bubble size. At a SDS concentration of 2 g/L and sample dipping time of 10 min, 80.1 mass% of aluminum was floated and separated, and the sedimentary silicon reached a purity of 90.7% from a mixture of 50 mass% aluminum and 50 mass% silicon. Finally, at a pH value of 7.0, SDS concentration between 1.0 and 2.5 g/L and air flow rate of 2.5 L/min (STP) were suitable experimental conditions to purify silicon from a mixture of silicon and aluminum by flotation separation method.
关键词： Floating separation,Silicon,Flotation,Sodium dodecyl sulfate,Waste solar cell module
更新于2025-09-12 10:27:22
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Maximum power output performance modeling of solar photovoltaic modules
摘要： The aim of this work is to present the results of maximum power performance measurements of PV modules of the first grid-connected PV system installed at Centre de Développement des Energies Renouvelables (CDER), working since June 2004. The analysis has shown that all the PV modules are producing power, but less than rated value. In our case, two mathematical models have been used in order to determine the maximum power output (Pmax) delivered by the PV module as function of the solar irradiance intensity and the PV-module temperature. Comparison have been made for the two models. Note that PVWATTS model is simpler than the analytical five-parameter model.
关键词： Temperature correction,Maximum power,Performance,Photovoltaic module
更新于2025-09-12 10:27:22
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Experimental Investigation of the Shading and Mismatch Effects on the Performance of Bifacial Photovoltaic Modules
摘要： Bifacial photovoltaic (PV) modules are drawing increasing attention because of their potential in gaining extra energy from the rear-side irradiance. However, the rear-side irradiance can cause the performance of bifacial PV modules to be different from the performance of monofacial PV modules under shading and mismatch conditions. For bifacial modules, two factors can lead to the irradiance mismatch: the front-side partial shading and the rear-side irradiance inhomogeneity. This experimental work aimed to study the impact of these two factors on the performance of bifacial PV modules. The effect of front-side partial shading was investigated by comparing the electrical and thermal behavior of bifacial and monofacial PV modules under different shading conditions. The influence of rear-side irradiance inhomogeneity was investigated by analyzing the operating voltages of the solar cells in a bifacial PV module under certain typical installation conditions. To further explain the origin of the mismatch effect, a diode model circuit was applied in the analysis. The results indicate that even when the bypass diode of the bifacial PV module was activated, the shaded bifacial cells still received extra irradiance and produced higher heat. Thus, in most cases, the mismatch caused by the front-side partial shading may result in a greater reliability risk for the bifacial PV modules compared with the monofacial PV modules. For the mismatch effect of bifacial PV modules caused by the rear-side irradiance inhomogeneity, the significant reliability issues (such as reverse bias of solar cells and hotspot problems) would rarely happen, mainly because of the limited inhomogeneity of the equivalent irradiance and logarithmical increasing relationship between the voltage deviation and irradiance deviation of each solar cell.
关键词： shading effect,mismatch,thermal characteristic,Bifacial,outdoor test,photovoltaic (PV) module
更新于2025-09-12 10:27:22