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Distributed Energy Resources in Microgrids || Su-Do-Ku and symmetric matrix puzzles–based optimal connections of photovoltaic modules in partially shaded total cross-tied array configuration for efficient performance
摘要： The authors have endeavored to propose and analyze Su-Do-Ku-TCT and SM-TCT configurations with that of existed TCT configuration of PV array for performance improvisation under considered partial shading cases-I(cid:1)IV. The performance parameters such as power loss, PE, FF, and PR have been assessed and collated with classical TCT, Su-Do-Ku-TCT, and SM-TCT configurations. The results obtained from the SM-TCT configurations had fewer numbers of local maxima, and all the performance parameters were far better than TCT and Su-Do-Ku-TCT configurations. A simpler reconfiguration scheme can be employed to design arrays of any dimensions. Thus the proposed SM-TCT arrangement is helpful to design an efficient PV array for huge PV plants for maximum power generation.
关键词： photovoltaic modules,total cross-tied array configuration,symmetric matrix,partial shading,Su-Do-Ku
更新于2025-09-19 17:13:59
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Analysis on inverter selection for domestic rooftop solar photovoltaic system deployment
摘要： Partial shading is a common occurrence in residential and commercial photovoltaic (PV) installations. It causes mismatch losses, particularly in string and central inverter-based systems, leading to output power loss and in turn lower performance ratio under partial shading conditions. The choice of string configuration itself is critical in lowering mismatch losses and the levelized energy cost. While a range of commercial inverters with different string configurations and prices are available, many standard string topologies are not optimum for common settings under various shading scenarios. Therefore, in this article, we evaluate various string configurations attached to state-of-the-art commercial inverters widely used in the industry from both mismatch loss and cost perspective. We quantify the impact of various shading scenarios on multiple inverter configurations to ascertain the relative performance of PV systems under symmetrical shading as well as random shading in field settings. For multiple PV system configurations (on a single rooftop), the mismatch loss varied up to 2.3% and 6% under symmetrical shading and field settings, respectively. The levelized cost of electricity also varies from 0.062$/kWh to 0.041 $/kWh and is dependent on the type of inverter and string configurations.
关键词： grid tied system,mismatch losses,photovoltaic system,system configuration,partial shading
更新于2025-09-19 17:13:59
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An effective maximum power point tracker for partially shaded solar photovoltaic systems
摘要： The photovoltaic (PV) systems should operate at a maximum power point (MPP) to extract the maximum possible output power with high tracking efficiency under various operating conditions This paper discusses a new maximum power point tracking (MPPT) technique to extract the peak power from the PV panel/array during partial shaded conditions (PSCs). The proposed algorithm is based on bio-inspired Whale Optimization (WO) with reinitialization process when the PV system is subjected to change in shading pattern, and the algorithm tries to locate the global peak (GP) with a high convergence rate and high tracking efficiency. The proposed algorithm eliminates the computational burden faced by the hybrid MPPT algorithms as discussed in various literature and reduces the power oscillation during the change in operating conditions. The proposed technique is modeled and simulated under different test conditions using MATLAB/Simulink software. The performance of the proposed technique is compared with conventional perturb and observation (PO), Grey Wolf Optimization (GWO) and hybrid GWO (HGWO) techniques in terms of tracking time and tracking efficiency and the simulation result proves that WO technique displays high tracking efficiency (>95%) and less convergence time (<0.15sec) under PSCs with less power oscillations. Moreover, the performance assessment is carried out in terms of mismatching loss, fill factor, and relative power loss/gain.
关键词： Partial shading,Performance assessment,Global peak,WO,Convergence time,MPPT
更新于2025-09-19 17:13:59
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A state-of-the-art review on conventional, soft computing, and hybrid techniques for shading mitigation in photovoltaic applications
摘要： This article intends to present a compendious review to extract maximum power in solar photovoltaic (PV) systems under varying environmental conditions and partial shading conditions by enumerating various circuit-based topologies and different state-of-the-art maximum power point techniques (MPPT). Partial shading reduces the overall efficiency of the PV system; therefore techniques that are dealing with partial shading play an important part in the power conditioning unit of all PV system connected to the stand-alone mode or grid mode. Various circuit-based topologies and various algorithms have been broadly discussed till date. As every algorithm is associated with its own merits and demerit, hence an extensive literature survey is required while planning for PV generating station under normal and partial shading condition. In this article, a comprehensive review of shading mitigation using different topologies has been done. The article on shading mitigation is broadly divided into two major groups. The first group includes all major circuit-based topologies and the second group includes MPPT based techniques, which has been further classified into modified conventional techniques, soft computing techniques, and hybrid techniques. This comprehensive review presents an assessment of all techniques according to parameters like converter used, tracking speed, complexity, efficiency, number of sensors under partial shading condition would certainly provide a single platform to carry forward their research in solar PV application.
关键词： global maximum power point,pulse width modulation,partial shading condition,photovoltaic generation System,hybrid optimization techniques,artificial intelligence
更新于2025-09-19 17:13:59
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Power recovery and equalization in partially shaded photovoltaic strings by an efficient switched capacitor converter
摘要： Partial shading is the major complication encountered by the Photovoltaic strings while delivering maximum power to the load. This scenario consequently diminishes the functionality of the modules causing mismatch, hotspot, power loss and multiple peaks formation in the characteristics curves of the strings. Also, formation of multiple peaks affects the performance of the maximum power point trackers due to false tracking resulting in severe power loss. In this paper, a switched-capacitor converter for power recovery and equalization in the strings during shading is proposed. The parallel-ladder architecture of the converter maintains voltage ratios by transferring power between the shaded and unshaded modules of the strings. The converter enables the string to generate maximum power by ensuring single peak in the characteristics curves during shading. The performance of the string with the proposed converter is compared to conventional strings using characteristics curves, and various performance parameters. The systems are tested in MATLAB/Simulink and experimental setup under various static and dynamic partial shading conditions. Also, the conduction losses encountered by the converter during power balancing in the strings are analysed and expressed mathematically. The results clearly indicate that the proposed converter can be easily implemented in the strings to recover the power losses and avoid multiple peaks formation in the characteristics curves during partial shading with efficiency greater than 99%.
关键词： Maximum power point,Photovoltaic (PV) strings,Partial shading,Differential power processing (DPP),Switched-capacitor (SC) converter
更新于2025-09-16 10:30:52
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Implementation of a modified circuit reconfiguration strategy in high concentration photovoltaic modules under partial shading conditions
摘要： A modified circuit reconfiguration (MCR) technique for high concentration photovoltaic (HCPV) modules under partial shading conditions (PSCs) is proposed. Although HCPV modules have high conversion efficiency, they are sensitive to changing environments, especially PSCs. In response, the MCR strategy exploits the reconfigurable wiring of HCPV modules to implement the dynamic circuit reconfiguration (DCR) technique. In doing so, the hardware switches and complex control algorithms of the conventional DCR are simplified to reduce cost. Moreover, an irradiation estimation method is proposed for string current equalization using existing switches and connections. Two circuit-model prototypes, one square and one rectangular, were simulated to evaluate the proposed MCR strategy. Evaluation results demonstrate that the average output-power and conversion-efficiency improvements of the square and rectangular modules were around 31.07% and 5.00%, and 32.79% and 5.23%, respectively, when compared with the original Series connection topology. In addition, after reconfiguration by MCR, the module’s GMPP power was improved and the number of LMPPs reduced, which simplified the P-V curves. Furthermore, reliability tests demonstrated that with a small reconfiguration processing time ratio (0.06–0.28%), the daily energy harvested from the rectangular module was improved around 15%. The proposed MCR strategy has the advantages of reducing the hardware/software costs and lowering circuit losses. Additionally, the MCR method can increase the output power and efficiency of an HCPV module with high dispersion ability. The proposed method and prototypes can also be extended to larger scale arrays or implemented with other PV systems.
关键词： High concentration photovoltaic systems (HCPV),Maximum power point tracking (MPPT),Dynamic circuit reconfiguration,Partial shading conditions (PSCs)
更新于2025-09-16 10:30:52
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Detailed modeling of large scale photovoltaic power plants under partial shading conditions
摘要： As the popularity of solar panels increases, significant research is being performed on maximizing the power extracted from photovoltaic systems. A phenomenon known as partial shading is a major source of power losses for photovoltaic plants. One way to reduce the effects of partial shading conditions is by using bypass–diodes. Typically any number of series and parallel–connected photovoltaic cells, known as photovoltaic cell arrays, are connected in anti–parallel with bypass–diodes. Due to this, it is advantageous to have an equivalent model for a photovoltaic cell array that is connected to bypass–diodes. In order to accurately develop this model, it is necessary to consider both series and parallel configurations of bypass–diodes, as well as the thermal behavior of bypass–diodes. The bypass–diode’s temperature model must be comprised of the constantly changing dissipated power, the effects of wind speed and the ambient temperature. This paper constructs an electro–thermal modular model for any size photovoltaic system and includes the effects of both the photovoltaic cells and bypass–diodes. A detailed analysis of the proposed model is performed and is then validated in both PSCAD/EMTDC and Matlab–Simscape. The proposed model is then further validated by the use of real measurements of ambient temperature, cell temperature, wind speed and then finally by a performance analysis of several maximum–power–point–tracking algorithms.
关键词： MPPT,Modeling,Bypass–diode,Photovoltaic,Partial shading
更新于2025-09-16 10:30:52
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[IEEE 2019 Fifth International Conference on Science Technology Engineering and Mathematics (ICONSTEM) - Chennai, India (2019.3.14-2019.3.15)] 2019 Fifth International Conference on Science Technology Engineering and Mathematics (ICONSTEM) - Implementation of Enhanced Global Search Particle Swarm Optimization Algorithm for Photovoltaic Systems
摘要： Solar Power is the potential alternative to other sources of energy due to its pure and readily available nature. Solar power wattage is not always wonted or constant. It is due to its unaccustomed multi-peak power voltage characteristics exhibited by a variable swing in environmental conditions and shading effects. Swarm Intelligence has been playing a vital role in optimization problem owing to its intelligibility and directness. This article presents an Inertia Modified Particle Swarm Optimization (IM-PSO) algorithm for photovoltaic power extraction. The proposed method helps to keep track of the maximum power point in lesser effort thereby ensuring proper maximum power. The algorithm is modeled in MATLAB/SIMULINK simulated environment. The results prove it especial to other traditional techniques.
关键词： Optimization,MPPT,Inertia Factor,Partial Shading effects,PSO
更新于2025-09-16 10:30:52
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Reliability implications of partial shading on CIGS photovoltaic devices: A literature review
摘要： Partial shading of Cu(In,Ga)(Se,S)2 (CIGS) photovoltaic (PV) modules is getting more attention, as is witnessed by the increase in publications on this topic in recent years. This review will give an overview of shading tests executed on CIGS modules and focuses on the more fundamental aspects that are often studied on cells. Generally, CIGS modules display very attractive performance under predictable row-to-row shading. However, potential damage could occur under nonoptimal shading orientations: module output after shading tests could reduce due to the formation of local shunts, often called wormlike defects. The influence of many factors on the formation of these defects, including the internal currents and voltages and the shape and intensity of the shade, will be discussed. This review allows an increased insight in the degradation mechanisms caused by partial shading, which would ultimately lead to the introduction of more shade-tolerant CIGS PV products in the future.
关键词： photovoltaic modules,partial shading,CIGS,wormlike defects,reliability
更新于2025-09-16 10:30:52
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LLC Resonant Voltage Multiplier-Based Differential Power Processing Converter Using Voltage Divider with Reduced Voltage Stress for Series-Connected Photovoltaic Panels under Partial Shading
摘要： Partial shading on photovoltaic (PV) strings consisting of multiple panels connected in series is known to trigger severe issues, such as reduced energy yield and the occurrence of multiple power point maxima. Various kinds of differential power processing (DPP) converters have been proposed and developed to prevent partial shading issues. Voltage stresses of switches and capacitors in conventional DPP converters, however, are prone to soar with the number of panels connected in series, likely resulting in impaired converter performance and increased circuit volume. This paper proposes a DPP converter using an LLC resonant voltage multiplier (VM) with a voltage divider (VD) to reduce voltage stresses of switches and capacitors. The VD can be arbitrarily extended by adding switches and capacitors, and the voltage stresses can be further reduced by extending the VD. Experimental verification tests for four PV panels connected in series were performed emulating partial shading conditions in a laboratory and outdoor. The results demonstrated the proposed DPP converter successfully precluded the negative impacts of partial shading with mitigating the voltage stress issues.
关键词： LLC converter,differential power processing converter,voltage multiplier,voltage divider,photovoltaic system,partial shading
更新于2025-09-16 10:30:52