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Influence of UV irradiation and cold atmospheric pressure plasma on zirconia surfaces: an in vitro study
摘要： Purpose: To compare the influence of ultraviolet (UV) irradiation and cold atmospheric pressure plasma (CAP) treatment on surface structure, surface chemistry, cytocompatibility, and cell behavior on zirconia in vitro. Materials and Methods: Zirconia samples (TZ-3YSB-E) were treated by UV irradiation, oxygen plasma, or argon plasma for 12 minutes each and compared with the nontreated samples. Surface analysis was conducted using scanning electron microscopy, roughness analysis, and x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Cell proliferation, viability, and cell attachment as well as cytotoxicity were evaluated using MC3T3-E1 murine osteoblasts cultivated directly on the zirconia samples. Results: Surface structure and roughness were not affected by the surface treatments. CAP and UV irradiation significantly reduced organic material and increased the surface oxidation on the zirconia samples. Furthermore, CAP and UV treatment significantly decreased the contact angle on the zirconia samples, indicating superhydrophilicity. Cell attachment was significantly increased on oxygen plasma-treated zirconia samples compared with the nontreated samples at all times (P < .001). After 24 and 48 hours, cell proliferation and viability (P < .001) were significantly increased on oxygen plasma-treated samples in comparison with the nontreated, UV-treated, and argon plasma-treated samples. Neither UV nor CAP treatment led to cytotoxicity. Conclusion: In vitro, surface treatment by UV irradiation or CAP causes a significant reduction of organic material, increases the hydrophilicity of zirconia, and improves the conditions for osteoblasts. Results stipulate that treatment of zirconia surfaces with oxygen plasma may favor cell proliferation.
关键词： UV light,Implant surface,Cold atmospheric pressure plasma,Photofunctionalization,Dental implant,Zirconia
更新于2025-09-04 15:30:14
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Model for black silicon formation just from surface temperature non-uniformities
摘要： The scienti?c issue of this paper is the formation of the initial surface roughening during black silicon (b-Si) preparation by maskless SF6/O2 plasma texturing. In detail, the authors investigate a novel approach whether merely substrate temperature dependent surface mechanisms and plasma particle diffusion are suf?cient to theoretically obtain anisotropic etching. For that, a quasi-2D model is developed including the relevant mechanisms such as (i) etching, (ii) the deposition of the masking layer SiOxFy, (iii) plasma particle transport, and (iv) heat diffusion. Further on, a linear stability analysis is applied, ?rstly, to reveal theoretical conditions for anisotropic etching and, secondly, to qualitatively evaluate the impact of the model parameters on the texturing range. The evaluation shows that plasma particle diffusion along the surface is the main factor for nano-roughening. Additionally, the experimentally expected strong dependency of the texturing on the substrate temperature is con?rmed and other extracted dependencies can be correlated to experimental observations. With that, a novel model is introduced explaining the initial b-Si roughening without taking into account surface removal by directed ions.
关键词： surface roughening,anisotropic etching,black silicon,plasma texturing,temperature non-uniformities
更新于2025-09-04 15:30:14
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Development of high-voltage nanosecond discharge in strongly non-uniform gas
摘要： The results of the experimental and numerical study of a high-voltage nanosecond discharge developing through a shock wave in air and combustible mixtures were presented for various in the case of quasi-uniform plasma agree well with the measured ratios of the intensities emitted by the plasma in the high-density plasma. The results of a zero-dimensional simulation uniform when the ionization wave moved from a high-density region to a low-density region. The radiation intensity emitted by the plasma in the low-density region was higher than that neutral density jumps across the wave. The discharge uniformity was investigated using ICCD camera images in a shock tube. The results demonstrated that the discharge plasma became more.
关键词： high-voltage nanosecond discharge,ICCD camera images,and secondary ionization waves.,plasma uniformity,gas density jump,streamer development,shock wave
更新于2025-09-04 15:30:14
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Investigation of moments-based transport models applied to plasma waves and the Dyakonov–Shur instability
摘要： Transport models based on balance equations with different degrees of numerical complexity can be derived from the Boltzmann transport equation (BTE). In this paper two different drift-diffusion models based on the first two moments of the BTE as well as two hydrodynamic models based on four moments are derived and analyzed for their accuracy in the THz frequency range with emphasis on the generation of plasma waves. To this end, they are compared to the BTE in the small-signal regime under homogeneous bulk conditions where harmonic waves were assumed, which reveals that the hydrodynamic models provide a higher accuracy. It is also shown that the anisotropy of the distribution function must be taken into account in the closure relations. This leads to convective derivatives in the balance equations, which are very difficult to treat by numerical means in the case of semiconductor devices and are neglected in commercial TCAD suites. But without them a meaningful simulation of the Dyakonov–Shur plasma instability will not be possible.
关键词： Boltzmann transport equation,THz,drift-diffusion,plasma instability,hydrodynamic
更新于2025-09-04 15:30:14
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Effects of Laser Irradiation on a Copper Electrodeposition Process and Coating Quality
摘要： In this study, a hybrid pulsed laser and electrochemical processing technique was used to deposit a copper coating on a stainless steel substrate. The laser irradiation mechanism in the electrodeposition process was studied by detecting the mechanical and thermal effects. The electrodeposition samples were irradiated by lasers with varying single-pulsed energies and compared. The grains of the coating were observed with a scanning electron microscope (SEM), and the tensile strength and ductility were measured using a UTM4000 series electronic universal testing machine. The results showed that the deposition rate may be increased, and the coating quality may be improved by laser irradiation with the proper single-pulsed energy. This is due to an increase in the conductivity and diffusion coefficient of the solution, arising from an increase in the solution temperature and the local stirring induced by plasma bubbles. The grain size and growth direction of the dendrite are also affected by laser irradiation.
关键词： Electrodeposition,Deposition rate,Plasma shockwave,Coating quality,Pulsed laser
更新于2025-09-04 15:30:14
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The instability of terahertz plasma waves in cylindrical FET
摘要： In this paper, the Dyakonov-Shur instability of terahertz (THz) plasma waves has been analyzed in gated cylindrical ?eld effect transistor (FET). In the cylindrical FET, the hydrodynamic equations in cylindrical coordinates are used to describe the THz plasma wave in two-dimensional electronic gas. The research results show that the oscillation frequency of the THz plasma wave is increased by increasing the component of wave in the circumferential direction, but instability increment of the THz plasma wave are increased by increasing the radius of channel.
关键词： oscillation frequency,cylindrical ?eld effect transistor,THz plasma waves
更新于2025-09-04 15:30:14
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Measurements of Microstructural, Chemical, Optical, and Electrical Properties of Silicon-Oxygen-Nitrogen Films Prepared by Plasma-Enhanced Atomic Layer Deposition
摘要： In this study, silicon nitride (SiNx) thin films with different oxygen concentration (i.e., SiON film) were precisely deposited by plasma enhanced atomic layer deposition on Si (100) substrates. Thus, the effect of oxygen concentration on film properties is able to be comparatively studied and various valuable results are obtained. In detail, x-ray reflectivity, x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, atomic force microscopy, and spectroscopic ellipsometry are used to systematically characterize the microstructural, optical, and electrical properties of SiON film. The experimental results indicate that the surface roughness increases from 0.13 to 0.2 nm as the oxygen concentration decreases. The refractive index of the SiON film reveals an increase from 1.55 to 1.86 with decreasing oxygen concentration. Accordingly, the band-gap energy of these films determined by oxygen 1s-peak analysis decreases from 6.2 to 4.8 eV. Moreover, the I-V tests demonstrate that the film exhibits lower leakage current and better insulation for higher oxygen concentration in film. These results indicate that oxygen affects microstructural, optical, and electrical properties of the prepared SiNx film.
关键词： silicon nitride,silicon oxynitride,oxygen contamination,optical properties,plasma enhanced atomic layer deposition
更新于2025-09-04 15:30:14
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Silicon etching of difluoromethane atmospheric pressure plasma jet combined with its spectroscopic analysis
摘要： A capacitivly coupled radio-frequency double-pipe atmospheric-pressure plasma jet is used for etching. An argon carrier gas is supplied to the plasma discharge jet; and CH2F2 etch gas is inserted into the plasma discharge jet, near the silicon substrate. Silicon etchings rate can be e?ciently-controlled by adjusting the feeding etching gas composition and plasma jet operating parameters. The features of silicon etched by the plasma discharge jet are discussed in order to spatially spreading plasma species. Electronic excitation temperature and electron density are detected by increasing plasma power. The etched silicon pro?le exhibited an anisotropic shape and the etching rate was maximum at the total gas ?ow rate of 4500 sccm and CH2F2 concentration of 11.1%. An etching rate of 17 μm/min was obtained at a plasma power of 100 W.
关键词： spectroscopic analysis,atmospheric-pressure plasma jet,silicon etching,di?uoromethane
更新于2025-09-04 15:30:14
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BODIPY with Tuned Amphiphilicity as Fluorogenic Plasma Membrane Probe
摘要： Staining of the plasma membrane (PM) is essential in bio-imaging as it delimits the cell surface and provides various information regarding the cell morphology and status. Herein, the lipophilicity of a green-emitting BODIPY fluorophore was tuned by gradual functionalization with anchors composed of zwitterionic and aliphatic groups, thus yielding three different amphiphilic dyes. We found that BODIPY bearing one or three anchors failed in efficiently staining the PM: derivative with one anchor showed low affinity to PM and exhibited strong fluorescence in water due to high solubility, whereas BODIPY with three anchors aggregated strongly in media and precipitated before binding to PM. In sharp contrast, the BODIPY bearing two anchors (B-2AZ, MemBright-488) formed virtually non-fluorescent soluble aggregates in aqueous medium that quickly de-aggregated in the presence of PM leading to bright soluble molecular form (quantum yield of 0.92). This fluorogenic response allowed for efficient probing of the PM at low concentration (20 nM) with high signal to background ratio images in mono- as well as two-photon excitation microscopy. B-2AZ proved to selectively stain the PM in a more homogeneous manner than the commercially available fluorescently labelled lectin WGA. Finally, it was successfully used in 3D-imaging to reveal fine intercellular tunneling nanotubes in KB cells and to stain the PM in glioblastoma cells in spheroids.
关键词： tunneling nanotubes,two-photon imaging,spheroids,Plasma membrane probe,fluorogenic probe
更新于2025-09-04 15:30:14
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Flow cytometry for fast screening and automated risk assessment in systemic light-chain amyloidosis
摘要： Early diagnosis and risk stratification are key to improve outcomes in light-chain (AL) amyloidosis. Here we used multidimensional-flow-cytometry (MFC) to characterize bone marrow (BM) plasma cells (PCs) from a series of 166 patients including newly-diagnosed AL amyloidosis (N = 94), MGUS (N = 20) and multiple myeloma (MM, N = 52) vs. healthy adults (N = 30). MFC detected clonality in virtually all AL amyloidosis (99%) patients. Furthermore, we developed an automated risk-stratification system based on BMPCs features, with independent prognostic impact on progression-free and overall survival of AL amyloidosis patients (hazard ratio: ≥ 2.9;P ≤ .03). Simultaneous assessment of the clonal PCs immunophenotypic protein expression profile and the BM cellular composition, mapped AL amyloidosis in the crossroad between MGUS and MM; however, lack of homogenously-positive CD56 expression, reduction of B-cell precursors and a predominantly-clonal PC compartment in the absence of an MM-like tumor PC expansion, emerged as hallmarks of AL amyloidosis (ROC-AUC = 0.74;P < .001), and might potentially be used as biomarkers for the identification of MGUS and MM patients, who are candidates for monitoring pre-symptomatic organ damage related to AL amyloidosis. Altogether, this study addressed the need for consensus on how to use flow cytometry in AL amyloidosis, and proposes a standardized MFC-based automated risk classification ready for implementation in clinical practice.
关键词： bone marrow,plasma cells,light-chain amyloidosis,risk assessment,flow cytometry
更新于2025-09-04 15:30:14