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Voids in Kesterites and the Influence of Lamellae Preparation by Focused Ion Beam for Transmission Electron Microscopy Analyses
摘要： Kesterite solar cells based on Cu2 ZnSnS4 and Cu2 ZnSnSe4 (CZTSe) are potential future candidates to be used in thin-film solar cells. The technology still has to be developed to a great extent and for this to happen, high levels of confidence in the characterization methods are required, so that improvements can be made on solid interpretations. In this study, we show that the interpretations of one of the most used characterization techniques in kesterites, scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM), might be affected by its specimen preparation when using focused ion beam (FIB). Using complementary measurements based on scanning electron microscopy and Raman scattering spectroscopy, compelling evidence shows that secondary phases of ZnSe mixed in the bulk of CZTSe are the likely cause of the appearance of voids in STEM lamellae. Sputtering simulations support this interpretation by showing that Zn in a ZnSe matrix is preferentially sputtered compared with any metal atom in a CZTSe matrix.
关键词： Cu2 ZnSn(S, Se)4 (CZTSSe),thin-film solar cells,transmission electron microscopy (TEM),focused ion beam (FIB),kesterite
更新于2025-09-23 15:22:29
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Transmission Electron Microscopy of Halide Perovskite Materials and Devices
摘要： Transmission electron microscopy (TEM)-based techniques are uniquely suited for site-specific structural and analytical characterization of halide perovskites (HPs) at atomic, nanometer, and micrometer length scales. TEM-based studies hold the key to understanding the nature and functionality of these fascinating materials that are at the heart of emerging solar cells and (opto)electronic devices. While TEM-based techniques have made several groundbreaking discoveries that have resulted in astonishing advancements in the field of materials science in general over the past decades, their application to HPs has been relatively sparse. Here, we provide a perspective on TEM-based studies of HPs that have been conducted so far and project a vision for how these powerful characterization techniques can be brought to bear on research problems in the field of HPs. An outlook discussing important challenges and opportunities that lay ahead is also presented.
关键词： Halide Perovskites,Optoelectronics,Materials Characterization,Solar Cells,Transmission Electron Microscopy
更新于2025-09-23 15:22:29
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26.1%-efficient POLO-IBC cells: Quantification of electrical and optical loss mechanisms
摘要： We present experimental results for interdigitated back contacted (IBC) solar cells with passivating POLO contacts for both polarities with a nominal intrinsic poly‐Si region between them. We reach efficiencies of 26.1% and 24.9% on a 1.3 Ω cm and 80 Ω cm p‐type FZ wafer and 24.6% on a 2 Ω cm n‐type Cz wafer, respectively. The initially measured implied efficiency potentials of the cells after passivating the surfaces are very similar, namely, 26.8%, 26.8%, and 26.4%, respectively. We attribute the difference between the efficiency potential and the final current‐voltage measurement to degradation, perimeter, and series and shunt resistance losses, which we quantify by lifetime measurements. With these measurements in combination with a finite element simulation, we determine the surface recombination velocity in the nominal intrinsic poly‐Si region to be in the range from 13 to 21 cm s?1. Using the same approach, we analyze the increase of the front surface recombination velocity during cell processing from 2 to 10 cm s?1 for the 1.3 Ω cm and from 0.5 to 2.3 cm s?1 for the 80 Ω cm. This leads to the fact that cells fabricated on lowly doped bulk material are more vulnerable to a process‐induced degradation of the surface passivation quality. We further determine the theoretical limits of the cells by firstly idealizing the recombination (28% for 1.3 Ω cm and 28.2% for 80 Ω cm) and secondly also idealizing the optics of the solar cells (29.4% and 29.5%).
关键词： IBC solar cells,efficiency potential,lifetime monitoring,POLO,passivating contacts
更新于2025-09-23 15:22:29
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Adsorption Dynamics of Redox Active Species onto Polarized Surfaces of Sensitized NiO
摘要： Mesoporous NiO films were deposited by means of a screen printing technique onto fluorine-doped tin oxide transparent electrodes and consequently sensitized with Erythrosin B (EryB) dye. The obtained colored NiO material was used as a working electrode in a three-electrode cell to study the evolution of the triple semiconductor/dye/electrolyte interface upon electrochemical polarization in dark conditions. The electrolyte was a solution of I3?/I? in acetonitrile, with the redox couple representing the typical redox shuttle of dye-sensitized solar cells (DSCs). The adopted electrochemical conditions were devised in order to simulate the actual electrical environment of the NiO/dye photocathode in a light-soaked DSC. The use of a benchmark sensitizer EryB and of the most widely used redox mediator I3?/I? is particularly meaningful for the study of the adsorption dynamics and the determination of possible degradative phenomena on the basis of the behavior of numerous analogue systems. Therefore, for the first time, the evolution of the NiO/EryB/I3?/I? multiple interface was investigated combining the electrochemical characterization with ex situ spectroscopic analysis by means of X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The resulting picture shows that EryB in the immobilized state promotes the redox processes based on the I3?/I? couple. Moreover, the EryB sensitizer inhibits the phenomena of recombination between the metal oxide semiconductor and the redox couple.
关键词： X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy,Sensitized NiO,Dye-sensitized solar cells,Redox active species,Adsorption dynamics,Polarized surfaces
更新于2025-09-23 15:22:29
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Influence of the energy dependence of the absorption coefficient on the solar energy conversion efficiency
摘要： In most cases, when the ef?ciencies of a single or multi-gap (with intermediate bands) solar cell are evaluated, the energy dependence of the absorption coef?cients is ignored. In this work we will evaluate the range of optical thickness and average absorption coef?cients in which this dependence should be considered. For this study we use different absorption coef?cients generated randomly as a function of the energy. In many practical cases, the ef?ciencies are lower than those expected.
关键词： optical thickness,energy dependence,intermediate-band solar cells,solar energy conversion efficiency,absorption coefficient
更新于2025-09-23 15:21:21
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Thin Film Processes - Artifacts on Surface Phenomena and Technological Facets || Modified Spin Coating Method for Coating and Fabricating Ferroelectric Thin Films as Sensors and Solar Cells
摘要： Spin coating process with a modified spin coater is performed well, especially the second generation of modified spin coater, which has a maximum value of 18,000 rpm, is able for manufacturing/coating photonic crystal‐based ferroelectric thin films that require a high angular velocity (rpm). Ferroelectric thin films that use both 3000 and 6000 rpm have given good results in energy gap, electrical conductivity, etc. In addition, the modified spin coater has also produced several applications such as sensors in the device of blood sugar level noninvasively, sensors in the automatic drying system, sensors in the robotic system, and photovoltaic cells in the system of solar cells/panels which are being developed at present. These applications used ferroelectric material such as barium strontium titanate (BST), lithium niobate (LiNbO3), cuprous oxide (CuO), and lithium tantalate (LiTaO3).
关键词： ferroelectric thin films,solar cells,modified spin coating,sensors
更新于2025-09-23 15:21:21
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Transparent Conductive Materials (Materials, Synthesis, Characterization, Applications) || Metallic Oxides (ITO, ZnO, SnO <sub/>2</sub> , TiO <sub/>2</sub> )
摘要： The material class of transparent conductive oxides (TCOs) combines two seemingly contradictory physical properties: high optical transmittance in the visible and near-infrared (NIR) spectral range (like insulators) and high electrical conductivity (like metals). These two key properties make TCO materials very well suited for transparent thin film electrodes for thin film solar cells, flat panel displays, light-emitting devices, or heated windows.
关键词： ZnO,light-emitting devices,SnO2,Transparent Conductive Oxides,thin film electrodes,ITO,solar cells,TiO2,flat panel displays,TCOs
更新于2025-09-23 15:21:21
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Run-to-run control of PECVD systems: Application to a multiscale three-dimensional CFD model of silicon thin film deposition
摘要： Deposition of amorphous silicon thin films via plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) and batch-to-batch operation under run-to-run control of the associated chambered reactor are presented in this work using a recently developed multiscale, three-dimensional in space, computational fluid dynamics model. Macroscopic reactor scale behaviors are linked to the microscopic growth of amorphous silicon thin films using a dynamic boundary which is updated at each time step of the transient in-batch simulations. This novel workflow is distributed across 64 parallel computation nodes in order to reduce the significant computational demands of batch-to-batch operation and to allow for the application and evaluation in both radial and azimuthal directions across the wafer of a benchmark, run-to-run based control strategy. Using 10 successive batch deposition cycles, the exponentially weighted moving average algorithm, an industrial standard, is demonstrated to drive all wafer regions to within 1% of the desired thickness set-point in both radial and azimuthal directions across the wafer surface. This is the first demonstration of run-to-run control in reducing azimuthal film nonuniformity. Additionally, thin film uniformity is shown to be improved for poorly optimized PECVD geometries by manipulating the substrate temperature alone, without the need for re-tooling of the equipment.
关键词： thin film silicon solar cells,parallel computing,multiscale modeling,computational fluid dynamics,run-to-run control,thin film growth
更新于2025-09-23 15:21:21
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Ether-soluble Cu53 Nanoclusters as an Effective Precursor of High-quality CuI Films for Optoelectronic Applications
摘要： An effective strategy is developed to synthesize high-nuclearity Cu clusters, [Cu53(RCOO)10(C≡CtBu)20Cl2H18]+ (Cu53), which is the largest Cu(I)/Cu(0) cluster reported to date. Cu powder and Ph2SiH2 are employed as the reducing agents in the synthesis. As revealed by single-crystal diffraction, Cu53 is arranged as a four-concentric-shell Cu3@Cu10Cl2@Cu20@Cu20 structure, possessing an atomic arrangement of concentric M12 icosahedral and M20 dodecahedral shells which popularly occurs in Au/Ag nanoclusters. Surprisingly, Cu53 can be dissolved in diethyl ether and spin coated to form uniform nanoclusters film on organo-lead halide perovskite. The cluster film can subsequently be converted into high-quality CuI film via in-situ iodination at room temperature. The as-fabricated CuI film proves to be an excellent hole-transport layer for fabricating highly stable CuI-based perovskite solar cells (PSCs) with 14.3% of efficiency.
关键词： CuI film,Cu nanocluster,Alkynyl,Perovskite solar cells,Superatoms
更新于2025-09-23 15:21:21
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Efficiency enhancement of Cu(In,Ga)Se <sub/>2</sub> thin film solar cells by employing onmi-directional ZnO nanostructure with MgF <sub/>2</sub> anti-reflection-coating layer
摘要： An omni-directional, graded-index, and textured ZnO nanorods (n = 1.7-2.0) with MgF2 (n = 1.37) antireflection (AR)-coating layer for Cu(In,Ga)Se2 solar cells grown by hydrothermal method are presented. We achieve that the graded index structure can reduce a weighted global reflectance of 5.5%, and significantly improve a current density (JSC) of Cu(In,Ga)Se2 solar cells up to 32.3 mA/cm2 which is comparable to a general MgF2 single layer AR coating. Optimized AR-coating layer leads to decreasing Fresnel reflection by gradient refractive index between ZnO nanorods and air. According to our experiment results, ZnO nanostructure with MgF2 AR-coating layer can be used for various photovoltaic cells to enhance the light conversion efficiency.
关键词： solar cells,optical properties,electrical properties,sputtering
更新于2025-09-23 15:21:21