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Assessment of the Carbon and Cost Savings of a Combined Diesel Generator, Solar Photovoltaic, and Flywheel Energy Storage Islanded Grid System
摘要： The use of diesel generators to provide power for islanded grids has been the technology of choice but they generate substantial carbon emissions unless the part or all the fuel comes from a renewable source. Notwithstanding this, the engine must be sized to meet maximum demand and will operate ine?ciently at part load most of the time, which is particularly bad for a synchronous constant speed engine. Given the availability of low cost solar photovoltaic (PV) systems, it is very enticing to ?t a diesel generator and allow the engine to be turned o? during PV generation. However, this combination will not work without some form of energy storage since it takes time for the engine to start, leading to gaps in supply and instability of the system. Lithium-ion batteries are typically considered to be the best solution to this problem because they have a high response rate, costs are lower, and they are available as products. However, they will su?er from the limited cycle and calendar life due to high cycling requirements in the application described. It is, therefore, proposed that a ?ywheel system could o?er a lower lifetime cost alternative since only short duration bridging power storage is needed and ?ywheels of appropriate design can o?er lower power cost than Lithium-ion battery systems. Flywheels are particularly attractive since they have a very high calendar with almost an in?nite cycle life and are fully recyclable at the end of life. This research, therefore, presents an assessment of the ?ywheel energy storage system (FESS) as an alternative to electrochemical batteries to supplement solar PV systems backed up by diesel generators. The model of an islanded PV system combined with a diesel generator and a FESS supplying power to a residential load is implemented in MATLAB/Simulink. The results of the analysis for the cases with and without storage based on a number of di?erent charge-discharge strategies provide evidence to support this hypothesis.
关键词： dynamic model,standalone hybrid system,solar photovoltaic system,backup diesel generator,flywheel energy storage
更新于2025-09-12 10:27:22
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A Methodology to Develop Design Support Tools for Stand-alone Photovoltaic Systems in Developing Countries
摘要： As pointed out in several analyses, Stand-Alone Photovoltaic systems may be a relevant option for rural electrification in Developing Countries. In this context, Micro and Small Enterprises which supply customized Stand-Alone Photovoltaic systems play a pivotal role in the last-mile-distribution of this technology. Nevertheless, a number of issues limit the development of these enterprises curbing also potential spinoff benefits. A common business bottleneck is the lack of technical skills since usually few people have the expertise to design and formulate estimates for customers. The long-term solution to tackle this issue implies the implementation of a capacity building process, but this solution rarely matches with time-to-market urgency of local enterprises. Therefore, we propose in this study a simple, but general methodology which can be used to set up Design Support Tools for Micro and Small Enterprises that supply Stand-Alone Photovoltaic systems in rural areas of Developing Countries. After a brief review of the techniques and commercial software available to design the targeted technology, we describe the methodology highlighting the structure, the sizing equations and the main features that should be considered in developing a Design Support Tool. Then, we apply the methodology to set up a tool for use in Uganda and we compare the results with two commercial codes (NSolVx and HOMER). The results show that the implemented Design Support Tool develops correct system designs and presents some advantages for being disseminated in rural areas. Indeed it supports the user in providing the input data, selecting the main system components and delivering estimates to customers.
关键词： rural electrification,off-grid systems,Uganda,solar photovoltaic,micro and small enterprises,Design techniques
更新于2025-09-12 10:27:22
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[IEEE 2019 4th International Conference on Smart and Sustainable Technologies (SpliTech) - Split, Croatia (2019.6.18-2019.6.21)] 2019 4th International Conference on Smart and Sustainable Technologies (SpliTech) - An Online Novel Two-Layered Photovoltaic Fault Monitoring Technique Based Upon The Hybrid Parameters
摘要： The utility-scale photovoltaic power plants are facing unique challenges compared to the traditional fossil fuel-based power plant in terms of faults localization, diversity, and frequency. The complex nature of faults raises serious concerns about grid-connectivity of photovoltaic plants in terms of operability, power quality, grid stability, and breakdown vulnerability. One of the predominant problems concerning utility-scale photovoltaic power plants remains in the variety, frequency, and nature of faults occurring during operation. In this research work, an online novel cost-effective two-layered fault monitoring scheme is introduced based upon the thermal and electrical signatures. The proposed scheme is implemented on a 1.6 kW photovoltaic array and various faults (short circuit, open circuit, and ground fault) are induced in the photovoltaic modules. The scheme shows promising results in fault monitoring and classification without making any hardware modifications in the solar module. The proposed scheme is compared and validated through thermography and results indicates that the proposed fault monitoring scheme can monitor and characterize the faults effectively compared to traditional means through thermography.
关键词： Solar Photovoltaic,Fault Monitoring,Fault Detection,Ground Fault,Open Circuit Fault,Thermography,Short Circuit Fault
更新于2025-09-12 10:27:22
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Autonomous Load Sharing Technique in Solar Photovoltaic System Based DC Microgrid
摘要： In this article, efforts have been made to study, analyze and implement the autonomous current sharing technique by using two parallel connected Solar Photovoltaic (SPV) systems with maximum power point tracking controller (MPPT) considering cable resistances. It mainly formulates a procedure to minimize the current sharing mismatch across load by controlling the duty cycle of MPPT controller. Also, an analysis of various factors affecting (SPV) characteristics has been reported. Further, the system has been analyzed with two interconnected SPV systems to a common load, and an accurate load sharing phenomenon has been achieved by using adaptive gain tuning technique. The proposed scheme has been verified by conducting the experiments, and its results have been explored for various irradiation and load conditions. Experimental results reveal that at all conditions current from the sources are equally shared to loads and adequate rest is delivered to energy storage systems.
关键词： Adaptive gain tuning algorithm,Load sharing techniques,Solar Photovoltaic systems
更新于2025-09-12 10:27:22
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Assessment of Artificial Neural Networks Learning Algorithms and Training Datasets for Solar Photovoltaic Power Production Prediction
摘要： The capability of accurately predicting the Solar Photovoltaic (PV) power productions is crucial to effectively control and manage the electrical grid. In this regard, the objective of this work is to propose an efficient Artificial Neural Network (ANN) model in which 10 different learning algorithms (i.e., different in the way in which the adjustment on the ANN internal parameters is formulated to effectively map the inputs to the outputs) and 23 different training datasets (i.e., different combinations of the real-time weather variables and the PV power production data) are investigated for accurate 1 day-ahead power production predictions with short computational time. In particular, the correlations between different combinations of the historical wind speed, ambient temperature, global solar radiation, PV power productions, and the time stamp of the year are examined for developing an efficient solar PV power production prediction model. The investigation is carried out on a 231 kWac grid-connected solar PV system located in Jordan. An ANN that receives in input the whole historical weather variables and PV power productions, and the time stamp of the year accompanied with Levenberg-Marquardt (LM) learning algorithm is found to provide the most accurate predictions with less computational efforts. Specifically, an enhancement reaches up to 15, 1, and 5% for the Root Mean Square Error (RMSE), Mean Absolute Error (MAE), and Coefficient of Determination (R2) performance metrics, respectively, compared to the Persistence prediction model of literature.
关键词： learning algorithms,training datasets,solar photovoltaic,persistence,Artificial Neural Networks,power prediction
更新于2025-09-12 10:27:22
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Powering Africa Using An Off-Grid, Stand-Alone, Solar Photovoltaic Model
摘要： Over 90 % of Sub-Saharan Africa is without electricity access. The rural areas of the few African countries with access lack electricity. Studies have suggested that solar energy systems hold the key to powering the continent. Although, a vast population currently operate fossil-fuel powered generators to meet their basic electricity needs. The study is designed for a 2-bedroom flat inhabited by an average Africa family. A residential building in Akure, Ondo State, Southern Nigeria has this model installed in a stable and reliable condition. The proposed solar photovoltaic model is composed of solar panels, Direct Current (D.C) cables, charge controller, solar batteries, solar inverter, solar bulbs and instrumentation gadgets. The model is an optimum size solar Photovoltaic installation with a maximum power input of 1,800 W. The maximum allowable load is 1,000 W and a maximum charging D.C voltage of 28.2 V. The solar-powered system is equipped with a set of six (6) 300 Watts monocrystalline solar panels. A commercial maximum power point tracking (MPPT) charge controller was used for this model. Two (2) units of Deep Cycle AGM Solar Batteries connected in series are installed for the solar photovoltaic system. A pure sine wave solar inverter was used in the developed solar PV model to transform D.C electricity available in the batteries to A.C electricity. Themodel is a flexible one which could be scaled up as may be desired or required. The solar photovoltaic model has a very high prospect for powering Africa. The model has ample potentials to fulfil economic, social and environmental objectives which qualifies it as a sustainable energy option to improve the quality of life. The implementation of this form of sustainable energy will open even development of the continent and end the electricity woes of the populace.
关键词： Solar Photovoltaic,Global Warming,Africa,Sustainable Energy,Electricity
更新于2025-09-12 10:27:22
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Engineering design development of 52,5 KiloWatt peak solar photovoltaic system for industrial Rooftop building
摘要： The purpose of this research is to develop on-grid engineering design of 52,5 KW photovoltaic system on Industrial Rooftop Building. The development of solar photovoltaic system is to satisfy high demand of electrical energy for industry, offices, and public with minimum cost. Taking consideration of green energy, solar energy might be chosen as an alternative to generate electric power by utilization of Rooftop on industrial building. This research was conducted using broad database of meteorological data i.e. global daily horizontal solar irradiance. Additionally, Rooftop photovoltaic development, layout plan, photovoltaic array connection, Single Line Diagram and structure support photovoltaic module were developed using Helioscope and PV Syst software. Based on 6 months’ period simulation, annual energy produced on Rooftop is 1043.88 kWh/kWp, Global Horizontal Irradiance (GHI) 1301.96 kWh/m2, actual Global Horizontal Irradiance 5.6%, and performance ratio (PR) 80.30 % and capital Rooftop photovoltaic project forecast. This results can be used for industrial and big office in west Indonesian recommendation to develop solar energy system on Rooftop building
关键词： solar photovoltaic system,PV Syst,on-grid,industrial rooftop,Helioscope
更新于2025-09-12 10:27:22
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New Techniques for Sizing Solar Photovoltaic Panels for Environment Monitoring Sensor Nodes
摘要： The development of perpetually powered sensor networks for environment monitoring to avoid periodic battery replacement and to ensure the network never goes offline due to power is one of the primary goals in sensor network design. In many environment-monitoring applications, the sensor network is internet-connected, making the energy budget high because data must be transmitted regularly to a server through an uplink device. Determining the optimal solar panel size that will deliver sufficient energy to the sensor network in a given period is therefore of primary importance. The traditional technique of sizing solar photovoltaic (PV) panels is based on balancing the solar panel power rating and expected hours of radiation in a given area with the load wattage and hours of use. However, factors like the azimuth and tilt angles of alignment, operating temperature, dust accumulation, intermittent sunshine and seasonal effects influencing the duration of maximum radiation in a day all reduce the expected power output and cause this technique to greatly underestimate the required solar panel size. The majority of these factors are outside the scope of human control and must be therefore be budgeted for using an error factor. Determining of the magnitude of the error factor to use is crucial to prevent not only undersizing the panel, but also to prevent oversizing which will increase the cost of operationalizing the sensor network. But modeling error factors when there are many parameters to consider is not trivial. Equally importantly, the concept of microclimate may cause any two nodes of similar specifications to have very different power performance when located in the same climatological zone. There is then a need to change the solar panel sizing philosophy for these systems. This paper proposed the use of actual observed solar radiation and battery state of charge data in a realistic WSN-based automatic weather station in an outdoor uncontrolled environment. We then develop two mathematical models that can be used to determine the required minimum solar PV wattage that will ensure that the battery stays above a given threshold given the weather patterns of the area. The predicted and observed battery state of charge values have correlations of 0.844 and 0.935 and exhibit Root Mean Square Errors of 9.2% and 1.7% for the discrete calculus model and the transfer function estimation (TFE) model respectively. The results show that the models perform very well in state of charge prediction and subsequent determination of ideal solar panel rating for sensor networks used in environment monitoring applications.
关键词： battery state of charge,environment monitoring,solar radiation,discrete calculus model,transfer function estimation,solar photovoltaic panels,sensor nodes
更新于2025-09-11 14:15:04
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Extraction of Uncertain Parameters of Double-Diode Model of a Photovoltaic Panel Using Simulated Annealing Optimization
摘要： In this article, our goal is to improve the estimation of the parameters of solar photovoltaic models by using the simulated annealing (SA) algorithm. The proposed approach takes into account the uncertainties of measurements. This approach consists of three steps. The ?rst is the extraction of the parameters in a conventional manner based on SA. Then, in order to reduce the search interval of parameters, we will determine the uncertainties of the measurements of each parameter. Finally, we will determine the instantaneous parameters, taking into account the results of the ?rst two steps. For the validation of proposed theoretical developments, the proposed approach is applied to two di?erent commercial solar panel parameter estimation problems (the monocrystalline solar module STM6-40/36 and the polycrystalline silicon cells photovoltaic module Sharp ND-R250A5). The results obtained are compared with well-established algorithms to con?rm its e?ectiveness. These comparisons have shown that the proposed method exhibits largely more e?ective performances than existing methods in the literature.
关键词： uncertainties,polycrystalline silicon cells,solar photovoltaic models,simulated annealing,monocrystalline solar module,parameter estimation
更新于2025-09-11 14:15:04
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Economic Impact of Substituting Solar Photovoltaic Electric Production for Tobacco Farming
摘要： Solar photovoltaic (PV) technology represents a promising method to prevent dangerous global climate change, however full solar penetration demands substantial surface areas, possibly encroaching on arable land. To avoid repeating the mistakes of previous attempts to convert agricultural land to energy, arable land currently used for crops with known health hazards can be considered for conversion. Tobacco is the leading cause of avoidable death globally, and despite increasingly stringent controls on tobacco, economics provides an incentive to continue tobacco production. However, with the economics of PV ever improving, this study investigates the potential economic benefits of photovoltaic conversion of farms during tobacco's decline. This study analyzes key factors influencing conventional tobacco farming economics in the U.S. over a sensitivity of realistic future values. Then tobacco crop profit is compared to a sensitivity analysis covering the profits of solar PV farming on the same land. The results show that considering existing electric prices, escalation rates, and installed costs, PV farm substitution for tobacco farming makes economic sense in many U.S. cases already. In a case study of North Carolina, 30GW of PV power capacity was found to be economically viable on existing tobacco farms and if conversion took place over 2,000 premature deaths could be prevented from pollution reduction alone. This meets the State's peak summer loads. Land use policies are discussed to facilitate such land use conversions for the benefit of the economy, the environment and human health.
关键词： farming,solar photovoltaic,agriculture,tobacco,economic impact
更新于2025-09-11 14:15:04