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Investigation of low temperature bonding process using indium bumps
摘要： Hybrid pixel detector modules are state of the art components of X-ray cameras in synchrotron radiation experiments. Temperature-sensitive, high-Z sensor materials like Germanium, Cadmium-Telluride, Cadmium-Zinc-Telluride and MCT-sensors require an especially low temperature bonding process. The investigation presented in this paper focuses on a low temperature compression bonding process using a ductile bump material, like indium, and a dedicated UBM surface that is able to form intermetallic compounds with this bump metal. The test samples are based on a test chip design with the size of the MEDIPIX3 readout chip and an identical number of bumps, arranged in a 256 × 256 bump matrix with 55 μm pitch in X- and Y-directions. In addition to the indium bumped test chip, two typical UBM-pad configurations were investigated on the corresponding interconnect side: a pad-defined electroplated Ni-Au-UBM and a passivation opening-defined, PVD-deposited NiV-Au pad. Daisy chain structures, 4-Point-probe resistance measurement structures and isolation test structures were implemented to characterize the influence of bonding pressure, bonding temperature and dwell time of bonding pressure on the electrical interconnection resistance. Good bonding results and a corresponding minimum electrical resistance of daisy chains and individual interconnects were achieved at temperatures of 80?C and 100?C. A minimum bonding pressure of 3.2 MPa was necessary to achieve reliable bonding results. Daisy chain failures occurred especially in the corner of the chips. After electrical characterization, pull tests were performed to investigate the corresponding bonding area. Pull test results showed a larger bonding area for the pad-defined, electroplated UBM pad configuration in comparison to the passivation opening defined bonding pad.
关键词： Hybrid detectors,X-ray detectors,Solid state detectors
更新于2025-09-04 15:30:14
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Comparative Spectroscopic Investigation of Tm3+:Tellurite Glasses for 2-μm Lasing Applications
摘要： We performed a comparative spectroscopic analysis on three novel Tm3+:tellurite-based glasses with the following compositions Tm2O3:TeO2-ZnO (TeZnTm), Tm2O3:TeO2-Nb2O5 (TeNbTm), and Tm3+:TeO2-K2O-Nb2O5 (TeNbKTm), primarily for 2-μm laser applications. Tellurite glasses were prepared at different doping concentrations in order to investigate the effect of Tm3+ ion concentration as well as host composition on the stimulated emission cross sections and the luminescence quantum efficiencies. By performing Judd–Ofelt analysis, we determined the average radiative lifetimes of the 3H4 level to be 2.55 ± 0.07 ms, 2.76 ± 0.03 ms and 2.57 ± 0.20 ms for the TeZnTm, TeNbTm and TeNbKTm samples, respectively. We clearly observed the effect of the cross-relaxation, which becomes significant at higher Tm2O3 concentrations, leading to the quenching of 1460-nm emission and enhancement of 1860-nm emission. Furthermore, with increasing Tm2O3 concentrations, we observed a decrease in the fluorescence lifetimes as a result of the onset of non-radiative decay. For the 3H4 level, the highest obtained quantum efficiency was 32% for the samples with the lowest Tm2O3 ion concentration. For the 1860-nm emission band, the average emission cross section was determined to measure around 6.33 ± 0.34 × 10?21 cm2, revealing the potential of thulium-doped tellurite gain media for 2-μm laser applications in bulk and fiber configurations.
关键词： thulium-doped laser glasses,solid-state spectroscopy,lanthanide ion-doped glasses,glass lasers,2-micron lasers,thulium,tellurite glass
更新于2025-09-04 15:30:14
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The impact of Eu3+ ion substitution on dielectric properties of Y3?xEuxAl5O12 (0.00?≤?x?≤?0.10) ceramics
摘要： This study reported the effect of Eu substitutions on the conductivity and dielectric properties of Y3?xEuxAl5O12 (0.0 ≤ x ≤ 0.1), YAG:xEu3+. All products were fabricated by solid state route. The formation of YAG was approved through X-ray diffraction powder diffraction and high-resolution transmission electron microscope. It was found that the lattice parameters are increasing with increase the substitution content due to the difference in ionic radii between Y3+ and Eu3+. Electrical and dielectric properties of YAG (Y3Al5O12) and YAG:xEu3+ ceramics were investigated extensively for a variety of concentrations (0.00 ≤ x ≤ 0.1) of the substitutional Eu3+ ion from the 4f lanthanide group. The temperature dependence of dielectric loss, dielectric constant, loss tangent and ac/dc conductivity were examined up to 5.0 MHz to understand the electrical and dielectric properties for both doped and undoped YAG ceramics. The experimental results revealed that Eu3+ ion substitutions (especially x = 0.05) in YAG ceramics meaningfully influence the lossy mechanisms, conductivity and dielectric constant which is probably due to the contribution to the conduction mechanism of the 4f–Eu and 3d–Al ions. So, this can be incorporated at the exceptional sites of both Oh (octahedral) and Td (tetrahedral) symmetries in YAG: xEu3+ ceramics.
关键词： conductivity,solid state route,YAG,dielectric properties,Eu3+ ion substitution
更新于2025-09-04 15:30:14
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Using NMR Relaxometry to Probe Yb <sup>3+</sup> – Er <sup>3+</sup> Interactions in Highly Doped Nanocrystalline NaYF <sub/>4</sub> Nanostructures
摘要： Solid–state nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy is used to study heavily Yb3+ and Er3+ doped, fluorescent NaY1–x–yYbxEryF4 nanoparticles. An understanding of the 19F wide line NMR response suggests that the 0 ppm portion of the 19F NMR spectrum can be used as a probe of trivalent lanthanide content via spin lattice relaxation time changes. A Yb3+ and Er3+ magnetic interaction is manifest as a cooperative contribution to the 19F spin lattice relaxation rate in heavily co–doped nanoparticle samples. The results from this study will help understand the mechanism of enhanced optical up–conversion among these well–known nanostructures.
关键词： Solid–State NMR,Yb3+ – Er3+ Interactions,Nanocrystalline NaYF4,Optical Up–Conversion,NMR Relaxometry
更新于2025-09-04 15:30:14
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[Springer Series on Chemical Sensors and Biosensors] Label-Free Biosensing Volume 16 (Advanced Materials, Devices and Applications) || Computational Modeling of Biomolecule Sensing with a Solid-State Membrane
摘要： In this work, we theoretically study the interaction between a solid-state membrane equipped with a nanopore and a tethered, negatively charged polymer chain subjected to a time-dependent applied electrolyte bias. In order to describe the movement of the chain in the biomolecule-membrane system immersed in an electrolyte solution, Brownian dynamics is used. We show that we can control the polymer’s equilibrium position with various applied electrolyte biases: for a sufficiently positive bias, the chain extends inside the pore, and the removal of the bias causes the polymer to leave the pore. Corresponding to a driven process, we find that the time it takes for a biomolecular chain to enter and extend into a nanopore in a positive bias almost increases linearly with chain length while the time it takes for a polymer chain to escape the nanopore is mainly governed by diffusion. In addition to attaching the polymer chain to the mouth of the nanopore, the chain is attached to a molecule with a radius larger than that of the nanopore’s, acting as a molecular stop. This allows the polymer to thread the nanopore but not translocate it. In this new system, the chain’s variation of movement was compared to that of the freely translocating polymer chain. The results show the free polymer having greater variation in the radial direction, indicating the restrictions imposed by the molecular stop and bias aid in controlling the position and movement of the polymer chain in the nanopore.
关键词： Solid-state membrane,Nanopore,Protein,Polymer,Brownian dynamics
更新于2025-09-04 15:30:14
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PRaVDA: The first solid-state system for proton computed tomography
摘要： Purpose: Proton CT is widely recognised as a beneficial alternative to conventional X-ray CT for treatment planning in proton beam radiotherapy. A novel proton CT imaging system, based entirely on solid-state detector technology, is presented. Compared to conventional scintillator-based calorimeters, positional sensitive detectors allow for multiple protons to be tracked per read out cycle, leading to a potential reduction in proton CT scan time. Design and characterisation of its components are discussed. An early proton CT image obtained with a fully solid-state imaging system is shown and accuracy (as defined in Section IV) in Relative Stopping Power to water (RSP) quantified. Method: A solid-state imaging system for proton CT, based on silicon strip detectors, has been developed by the PRaVDA collaboration. The system comprises a tracking system that infers individual proton trajectories through an imaging phantom, and a Range Telescope (RT) which records the corresponding residual energy (range) for each proton. A back-projection-then-filtering algorithm is used for CT reconstruction of an experimentally acquired proton CT scan. Results: An initial experimental result for proton CT imaging with a fully solid-state system is shown for an imaging phantom, namely a 75 mm diameter PMMA sphere containing tissue substitute inserts, imaged with a passively-scattered 125 MeV beam. Accuracy in RSP is measured to be 1.6% for all the inserts shown. Conclusions: A fully solid-state imaging system for proton CT has been shown capable of imaging a phantom with protons and successfully improving RSP accuracy. These promising results, together with system the capability to cope with high proton fluences (protons/s), suggests that this research platform could improve current standards in treatment planning for proton beam radiotherapy.
关键词： Proton therapy,Proton CT Elsevier,Solid state detectors
更新于2025-09-04 15:30:14
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Iron(III) β-diketonates: CVD precursors for iron oxide film formation
摘要： Within this study, the synthesis of three iron(III) β-diketonate complexes [Fe(β-diketonate)3] (β-diketonate = 2-acetylcyclopentanoate (3a), = 2-acetylcyclohexanoate (3b), = 4,4-dimethyl-1-phenyl pentanedionate (3c)) is described. The synthesis of 3a–c was performed by the reaction of the respective β-diketones with FeCl3 in the ratio of 3:1 in presence of NaOH. TG and DSC studies were carried out under an atmosphere of argon and oxygen, showing that 3b,c partly evaporate during the heating process. PXRD measurements of the as-obtained residues of 3a–c from the TG measurements confirmed the formation of crystalline α-Fe2O3 at 800 °C. Vapor pressure studies confirmed that complexes 3b and 3c show a better volatility (17.3 mbar (3b), 5.4 mbar (3c) at 120 °C) than the iron β-diketonate complexes [Fe(tfa)3] and [Fe(acac)3], respectively [62,63]. CVD studies carried out with 3a,b resulted in the formation of iron oxide thin films in presence of oxygen as reactive gas. However, complex 3c did not result in iron oxide film formation. All received layers were dense and coherent as proven by SEM studies. With metal-organic 3a and 3b, crystalline γ- and α-Fe2O3 layers were obtained at 450 °C, respectively. The XPS studies confirmed the formation of Fe2O3 layers with carbon impurities on the layer surfaces, however, in the layers no carbon could be detected.
关键词： TG,Vapor pressure,Iron,Solid-state structure,β-Diketonate,Iron(III) oxide,CVD
更新于2025-09-04 15:30:14
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Transparent Thin Film Solid-state Lithium Ion Batteries
摘要： Transparent electrochemical energy storage devices have attracted extensive attention for the power supply of next-generation transparent electronics. In this paper, semi-transparent thin film batteries (TFBs) with a grid-structured design have been fabricated on glass substrates using specific photolithography and etching processes in order to achieve LiCoO2/LiPON/Si structures below human eye resolution. UV-vis transmittance up to 60% have been measured for the obtained TFBs. Discharge capacity as high as 0.15 mAh has been recorded upon galvanostatic cycling at C/2 rate within 4.2-3 V voltage range for the highest transmittances. The capacity variation trend exhibits an initial phase of a gradual decrease with an average capacity loss of 0.15% per cycle, and thereafter a second phase with almost stable capacity. Particular attention has been given to the effects of architecture parameters on the TFB optical and electrochemical properties. To the best of our knowledge, this work is the first demonstration of transparent, all inorganic, thin film lithium-ion batteries. While reported studies are limited to battery structures involving liquid or polymer materials, our devices will contribute to improve form factor freedom, extend operating ranges, enhance long-term stability, and will be relevant to the integration into various optoelectronic devices.
关键词： solid state,LiPON,thin film,microfabrication,transparent battery
更新于2025-09-04 15:30:14
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1,8,10-Substituted Anthracenes – Hexafunctional Frameworks via Head-to-Tail Photodimerisation
摘要： Several 1,8,10-functionalised anthracene derivatives and a couple of 1,8,9-functionalised anthracene analogous, bearing alkynyl substituents at positions 1 and 8 were synthesised and their photochemistry investigated in UV irradiation experiments. Almost all compounds could be converted into their 9,10:10′,9′-head-to-tail photodimers completely excluding the formation of the corresponding head-to-head isomers. Working under non-inert conditions led to formation of endoperoxides in some cases. Furthermore, a non-classical [4π+2π] photodimer was obtained from 1,8,10-tris[(trimethylsilyl)ethynyl]anthracene with one of the alkynyl substituents involved in the photoreaction. The 1H and 13C NMR spectra of all classical and non-classical photodimers were compared with those of the endoperoxides identifying characteristic shifts for the atoms at positions 9 and 10. Moreover, solid-state structures were determined for one or more of each representative.
关键词： photodimerisation,non-classical photodimers,solid-state structures,anthracenes,endoperoxides
更新于2025-09-04 15:30:14
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Number series of atoms, interatomic bonds and interface bonds defining zinc-blende nanocrystals as function of size, shape and surface orientation: Analytic tools to interpret solid state spectroscopy data
摘要： Semiconductor nanocrystals (NCs) experience stress and charge transfer by embedding materials or ligands and impurity atoms. In return, the environment of NCs experiences a NC stress response which may lead to matrix deformation and propagated strain. Up to now, there is no universal gauge to evaluate the stress impact on NCs and their response as a function of NC size dNC. I deduce geometrical number series as analytical tools to obtain the number of NC atoms NNC(dNC[i]), bonds between NC atoms Nbnd(dNC[i]) and interface bonds NIF(dNC[i]) for seven high symmetry zinc-blende (zb) NCs with low-index faceting: {001} cubes, {111} octahedra, {110} dodecahedra, {001}-{111} pyramids, {111} tetrahedra, {111}-{001} quatrodecahedra and {001}-{111} quadrodecahedra. The fundamental insights into NC structures revealed here allow for major advancements in data interpretation and understanding of zb- and diamond-lattice based nanomaterials. The analytical number series can serve as a standard procedure for stress evaluation in solid state spectroscopy due to their deterministic nature, easy use and general applicability over a wide range of spectroscopy methods as well as NC sizes, forms and materials.
关键词： solid state spectroscopy,analytical number series,semiconductor nanocrystals,zinc-blende nanocrystals,stress evaluation
更新于2025-09-04 15:30:14