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Stabilisation of Cu films in WO3/Ag/Cu:Al/WO3 structures through their doping by Al and Ag
摘要： Indium tin oxide (ITO) is the most common transparent conductive material used in industrial processes. It has many advantages, but also some disadvantages: Indium is scarce and ITO deposition techniques are aggressive for organic materials, making it difficult to use it as top electrode in organic devices. Moreover its ceramic structure limits its application in flexible devices. Among the possible new In free transparent conductive electrode, dielectric/metal/dielectric multilayer structures such as WO3/M/WO3 appear very promising. However, silver, which is the metal the more often used is expensive. Therefore it would be very profitable if copper, which is abundant on earth, could be substituted for silver. However the stability with time of the structure using Cu is questionable due to the high Cu diffusivity. In the present manuscript we improve significantly the lifetime of the structures using the alloy Cu:Al when a thin silver layer (2 nm) is introduced between the WO3 bottom layer and the Cu:Al. It is shown that the Cu atom mobility is significantly decreased by the presence of Al of the alloy and of Ag which appears to diffuse into the metal layer forming an eutectic with Cu.
关键词： Copper aluminum alloy,Tungsten oxide,Indium tin oxide-free,Transparent electrode,Multilayer structures,Flexible electrode
更新于2025-09-10 09:29:36
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Insights on the photocatalytic degradation processes supported by TiO2/WO3 systems. The case of ethanol and tetracycline
摘要： TiO2/WO3 composites are widely in the literature as engineered systems for photocatalytic and (photo)electrochemical applications, since the presence of WO3 can promote both visible light absorption and electron transfer phenomena of TiO2. The preparation of these system, depending on the preparation method, can also affect the surface feature with respect to TiO2, modifying adsorption and performance, as well as the reaction mechanisms. Here, TiO2/WO3 composites were prepared by precipitation of WO3 onto the TiO2 surface and characterized in terms of their structural, morphological, optical and surface properties. Raman and IR spectroscopy as well as a marked shift in the isoelectric point support the preferential surface location of WO3. Samples were photocatalytically tested towards the degradation of ethanol and of tetracycline and the adsorption and degradation behaviour were studied, suggesting, in both cases, significant variations of the reaction paths by the addition of WO3.
关键词： Surface properties,Photocatalytic oxidation,Tungsten oxide,Intermediates,Reaction mechanism
更新于2025-09-10 09:29:36
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AACVD Grown WO3 Nanoneedles Decorated with Ag/Ag2O Nanoparticles for Oxygen Measurement in a Humid Environment
摘要： A sensitive material consisting of silver/silver oxide decorated WO3 was successfully grown in two steps via aerosol-assisted chemical vapour deposition (AACVD). Morphological, structural, and composition analysis revealed our method is effective for growing WO3 nanoneedles decorated with silver/silver oxide nanoparticles at relatively low temperature (≤ 375°C) onto sensor arrays printed on alumina substrate. The sensors were tested for oxygen under humid environment (relative humidity ~85%) with the concentration ranging between 0% and 20%. Gas sensing results showed good response to oxygen with optimum temperature was observed at 400°C for undecorated WO3 and at 350°C for silver/silver oxide decorated WO3. The addition of silver/silver oxide was found to improve the sensor response by almost 300%, making the sensor a potential alternative to replace existing Pb-based oxygen sensor.
关键词： Chemical sensor,heterojunction,tungsten oxide,oxygen detection,silver oxide,thin film sensor
更新于2025-09-09 09:28:46
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Gas Sensing Characterization of Single-Nanowire Sensor Array Systems Based on Non-Functionalized and Pt-Functionalized Tungsten Oxide
摘要： Here we present the gas sensing characterization of single-nanowire sensor array systems based on either non-functionalized or Pt-functionalized single tungsten oxide nanowires towards various concentrations of nitrogen dioxide and ethanol. The sensor systems demonstrate stable and reproducible responses to the tested analytes, showing consistency with previous systems based on multiple-nanowire based films and validating the fabrication process of these devices.
关键词： sensor array,single-nanowire,tungsten oxide,gas sensing
更新于2025-09-09 09:28:46
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Effects of Hydrothermal Treatment Duration on Morphology of WO <sub/>3</sub> Nanostructures
摘要： Tungsten trioxide (WO3) nanostructures have been synthesized by a simple wet chemical hydrothermal method at a temperature of 120 °C using sodium tungstate (Na2WO4 · 2H2O) as precursor material. In order to study the growth mechanism of WO3 nanostructures, the time of hydrothermal treatment was varied between 1 and 48 h. The morphology and structure of the synthesized WO3 samples were characterized by scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction techniques. The duration of hydrothermal treatment significantly affected the nanostructure morphology evolution due to the limited concentration of a directional capping NaCl agent during synthesis of WO3 crystals.
关键词： Nanorod,Hydrothermal Method,Tungsten Oxide
更新于2025-09-09 09:28:46
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Adsorption properties of the tetragonal P4/nmm WO3 (100) surface toward molecules involved in the hydration of ethylene
摘要： Industrial demand for ethanol has stimulated research on improved catalysts for ethylene hydration. WO3 and other tungsten-based catalysts have been used in direct hydration of ethylene to ethanol, showing high conversion rate and selectivity toward this reaction. By using first-principles calculations based on spin polarized density functional theory, including also dispersion forces, this paper presents the adsorption properties of molecules involved in the ethylene hydration on the tetragonal P4/nmm WO3 (100) surface. The inclusion of dispersion forces, improved our lattice parameters prediction with respect to previous theoretical studies. For the WO3 tetragonal crystal, the (100) surface contains five chemically distinct atoms: a five-fold coordinate W5c, three different types of two-fold binding oxygen O2c, and a single-coordinated oxygen O1c. The energetically favored adsorption sites of water, ethylene, and ethanol (including also hydrogen) are determined here for the first time on this surface. The surface presents high reactivity towards water and ethylene, the single-fold coordinated oxygens stabilize the adsorbed molecules and after adsorption the tungsten atoms take a W6c role. The obtained configurations of the reactants suggest a Rideal-Eley mechanism of the ethylene over adsorbed water. These results reveal the interactions between the selected tetragonal WO3 surface and the molecules involved in the hydration of ethylene, which ultimately determine the reaction mechanism for ethanol production.
关键词： DFT,hydration,tetragonal phase,ethylene,dispersion forces,WO3,tungsten oxide
更新于2025-09-09 09:28:46
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Photoelectrochemical Gas–Electrolyte–Solid Phase Boundary for Hydrogen Production From Water Vapor
摘要： Hydrogen production from humidity in the ambient air reduces the maintenance costs for sustainable solar-driven water splitting. We report a gas-diffusion porous photoelectrode consisting of tungsten trioxide (WO3) nanoparticles coated with a proton-conducting polymer electrolyte thin film for visible-light-driven photoelectrochemical water vapor splitting. The gas–electrolyte–solid triple phase boundary enhanced not only the incident photon-to-current conversion efficiency (IPCE) of the WO3 photoanode but also the Faraday efficiency (FE) of oxygen evolution in the gas-phase water oxidation process. The IPCE was 7.5% at an applied voltage of 1.2 V under 453 nm blue light irradiation. The FE of hydrogen evolution in the proton exchange membrane photoelectrochemical cell was close to 100%, and the produced hydrogen was separated from the photoanode reaction by the membrane. A comparison of the gas-phase photoelectrochemical reaction with that in liquid-phase aqueous media confirmed the importance of the triple phase boundary for realizing water vapor splitting.
关键词： proton exchange membrane,solar H2 production,tungsten oxide photoanode,visible-light-driven photoelectrode,gas-phase water splitting
更新于2025-09-09 09:28:46
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Highly uniform electrochromic tungsten oxide thin films deposited by e-beam evaporation for energy saving systems
摘要： In the last few decades, there has been a surge of interest in using tungsten oxide thin films as an active layer of electrochromic device. These devices have several practical applications such as smart window of buildings and automobile glazing for energy saving. The main objective of this work was to construct highly homogeneous and uniform e-beam evaporated amorphous WO3-x based films into electrochromic devices, which were fully characterized for switching speed, coloration efficiencies and cycling voltammetry responses. Fabricated devices contain indium doped transparent oxide coated glass as the transparent conductive electrode, ～200 nm thickness of WO3-x as the cathodically coloring material and a lithium perchlorate based conducting gel electrolyte. X-ray diffraction patterns indicate that all as-deposited films are amorphous. Experimental results showed that both solid and liquid electrolyte electrochromic devices are initially very transparent that exhibit perfect optical modulation and coloration efficiency (up to 68.7 cm2/C and 52.6 cm2/C at 630 nm, respectively) due to easier intercalation of the Li+ within their structure. One of the more significant findings to emerge from this study is that e-beam coated electrochromic devices based on tungsten oxide thin films showed superior performance among to other coating methods. Therefore, excellent reversibility of color change behavior is attractive for pertinent use in electrochromic energy storage devices.
关键词： Thin film,Tungsten oxide,Electrochromic device,Electron-beam evaporation
更新于2025-09-04 15:30:14
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Preparation of monolayer hollow spherical tungsten oxide films with enhanced near infrared electrochromic performances
摘要： In this study, monolayer hollow spherical tungsten oxide (WO3) films have been prepared for the first time by magnetron sputtering combined with the colloidal crystal template method. Due to the large specific surface area, short ion diffusion distances, and weak scattering of the monolayer hollow structure, the hollow spherical WO3 film exhibits excellent electrochromic performance. This includes high transmittance modulation in the near-infrared spectral range (78.8% at l ? 1000 nm), fast switching (cid:2)1) response time (2.41 s for coloration and 1.28 s for bleaching), and high coloring efficiency (102.9 cm2 C at 1000 nm. The results show that the hollow spherical WO3 film can effectively regulate incident light, especially in the near infrared band, which is not visible but has significant thermal effects.
关键词： Electrochromics,Hollow spherical tungsten oxide,Colloidal crystal template,Magnetron sputtering
更新于2025-09-04 15:30:14
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Effect of doping Fe/Cu/Ti on WO <sub/>3</sub> on furfural degradation
摘要： This research improved tungsten oxide catalysts to increase efficiency in photocatalytic degradation of furfural under visible light. The aim of this research was to compare the efficiency of modified tungsten oxide with undoped and commercial tungsten oxide. Tungsten oxide nanoparticles were doped with 3 single metals, which were Fe/Cu/Ti at 1%wt, 2%wt, and 3%wt, synthesized by flame spray pyrolysis technique (FSP) and then characterization by X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), N2 adsorption/desorption (BET surface area analysis), UV-Vis Spectroscopy (UV-Vis). Photocatalytic degradation experiments using doped WO3 were carried out with 5 ppm initial concentration of furfural solution using 0.6 M catalyst concentration under visible light. From the results, FSP-synthesized WO3 has better efficiency in furfural degradation than the commercial WO3. All catalysts have mesoporous structure because an average pore size is in the range of 6-10 nm. Among all synthesized and doped WO3, it can be concluded that 3%wt Fe-doped tungsten oxide provides the highest acceleration rate in photocatalytic degradation of furfural.
关键词： furfural,photocatalytic degradation,flame spray pyrolysis,tungsten oxide,doping
更新于2025-09-04 15:30:14