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Contrasting Effects of Organic Chloride Additives on Performance of Direct and Inverted Perovskite Solar Cells
摘要： Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have demonstrated encouraging progress in recent years. Additive engineering, where diverse additives are incorporated into the perovskite layer, have been widely adopted to tune the perovskite grains, reduce defect density and charge recombination. Here, we observe a universal phenomenon that organic chloride additives enhance the open circuit voltage (VOC) and power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) of direct PSCs but decrease the VOC, short-circuit current (JSC) and PCE of inverted PSCs, regardless of the choice of charge transport materials. The polyTPD-based direct device incorporating TACl additive delivered improved PCE from 17.8% to 20.0%, arising from the enhanced VOC from 1.03 to 1.12 V. With the same content of TACl, the best PCE of polyTPD-based inverted device decreased from 20.2% to 18.5% due to the reduced VOC (1.05 to 1.01 V) and JSC (23.2 to 22.5 mA/cm2). Our investigation supports that organic chloride will p-dope perovskite and elevate the work functions, which lead to favorable/unfavorable charge transfer between perovskite films and its upper transport layers in direct and inverted devices. This work provides insight into the rational design of device structure when applying additives which can dope the perovskite to affect charge transfer at the perovskite/charge transport layer interface.
关键词： p-type doping,work function,charge transfer,perovskite solar cells,organic chloride additives
更新于2025-09-12 10:27:22
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Synthesis of Alkoxyacene‐Based Random Copolymers and Binary Solvent Additive for High Efficiency Organic Photovoltaics
摘要： The synthesis of three random copolymers—BD2FON-OB30, BD2FON-OB50, and BD2FON-OB70—comprised of different molar ratios of alkoxyphenylene and alkoxynaphthalene is reported by adjusting the ratio of these units for optimized energy levels. When organic photovoltaics are fabricated using these polymers as the electron donor, introduction of the binary solvent additive dramatically enhances power conversion efficiency (PCE) up to 7%, compared to those of the devices without additive (≈2% of PCEmax) and with single additive (≈3% of PCEmax). (without additive: 1–2% and with single additive: 0–3%). These improvements result from minimized bimolecular recombination and balanced electron/hole mobility ratio by optimized bicontinuous D:A morphology in the active layer. Thus, the strategy shows the efficient enhancement of device efficiency by control the morphology using binary solvent additives in the bulk heterojunction film consisting of polymer and fullerene.
关键词： binary solvent additives,organic photovoltaics,random copolymers
更新于2025-09-11 14:15:04
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Additive Engineering for Efficient and Stable Perovskite Solar Cells
摘要： Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have reached a certified 25.2% efficiency in 2019 due to their high absorption coefficient, high carrier mobility, long diffusion length, and tunable direct bandgap. However, due to the nature of solution processing and rapid crystal growth of perovskite thin films, a variety of defects can form as a result of the precursor compositions and processing conditions. The use of additives can affect perovskite crystallization and film formation, defect passivation in the bulk and/or at the surface, as well as influence the interface tuning of structure and energetics. Here, recent progress in additive engineering during perovskite film formation is discussed according to the following common categories: Lewis acid (e.g., metal cations, fullerene derivatives), Lewis base based on the donor type (e.g., O-donor, S-donor, and N-donor), ammonium salts, low-dimensional perovskites, and ionic liquid. Various additive-assisted strategies for interface optimization are then summarized; additives include modifiers to improve electron- and hole-transport layers as well as those to modify perovskite surface properties. Finally, an outlook is provided on research trends with respect to additive engineering in PSC development.
关键词： perovskite solar cells,additives,stability,Lewis acid,defect passivation
更新于2025-09-11 14:15:04
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Effect of calcium oxide doping on the microstructure and optical properties of YAG transparent ceramics
摘要： Yttrium aluminium garnet (YAG, Y3Al5O12) transparent ceramics were fabricated by vacuum sintering the co-precipitated raw powders with calcium oxide (CaO) as the sintering aid. The influence of CaO content on the phase composition, particle size and the morphologies of resultant YAG powders, as well as the microstructural and optical properties of YAG ceramics, was investigated in detail. Our results show that with increasing of CaO additives, the particle size and agglomeration degree of the powders were slightly increased and the grain growth of the ceramics was inhibited. Specifically, the grain size initially decreased dramatically till reaching a minimum value of 1.85 μm with 0.3 at% CaO, then slightly increased. In addition, for YAG ceramics with a high CaO doping level, the existence of liquid phase was observed for the first time and its sintering mechanism was discussed. The excess of CaO causes the formation of grain boundary phases and residual pores, which are detrimental for maintaining higher optical quality of YAG ceramics. We obtained a fully dense and pore-free YAG ceramic with an in-line transmittance of 80.8% at 1100 nm by adopting 0.1 at% level of CaO during sintering of the green bodies at 1780°C for 20 h in vacuum.
关键词： Microstructure evolution,YAG transparent ceramic,Co-precipitation method,CaO additives
更新于2025-09-10 09:29:36
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Influence of additives on structure and ferroelectric properties of NBT-BT-BMT ceramics
摘要： Influence of various over stoichiometric additives on phase formation, unit cell parameters, microstructure, dielectric and ferroelectric properties of solid solutions 0.8[0.8(Na0.5Bi0.5)TiO3-0.2BaTiO3]-0.2Bi(Mg0.5Ti0.5)O3 system has been studied. The unit cell volume slightly decreased in case of the V2O5 additives but did not change in case of Bi2O3, LiF, and KCl additives. Increase in dielectric parameters ert and tandrt values at the room temperature was revealed for compositions doped by KCl additives, while these parameters decreased in compositions doped by the V2O5 additives. Linear correlation between piezoelectric coefficient d33 measured for separate grains using the Piezoresponse Force Microscopy method and dielectric permittivity ert values at the room temperature was confirmed.
关键词： ferroelectric phase transitions,additives,dielectric properties,perovskite structure,Ceramics (Na0.5Bi0.5)TiO3 - BaTiO3 - Bi(Mg0.5Ti0.5)O3
更新于2025-09-10 09:29:36
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Phenol-functionalized polymerization control additives for negative tone epoxide crosslinking molecular resists
摘要： Controlling undesired polymerization in nominally unexposed regions is critical to achieving high-resolution, defect-free patterns when using negative tone molecular resists based on the crosslinking of epoxides. Two onium salt additives, a photodecomposable nucleophile (PDN) and a photoacid generator (PAG), were functionalized with phenols in order to investigate their use as generalized additives capable of slowing crosslinking and improving the resolution of a variety of epoxide resists. Presented here is a phenol-functionalized PDN [tris(4-hydroxyphenyl)sulfonium tri?ate (TPS-OH-Tf )] and a phenol-functionalized PAG [tris(4-hydroxyphenyl)sulfonium antimonate (TPS-OH-SbF6)] used in combination with a model epoxide resist (4-Ep). Utilizing additives that contained phenols resulted in a decrease in resist sensitivity, but enabled higher additive loadings which could be used to offset this loss in sensitivity. Using TPS-OH-SbF6 did not provide enough polymerization control to prevent line broadening, and the use of TPS-OH-Tf was still required to achieve sub 35 nm 1:1 line:space patterns. Adding TPS-OH-Tf was also found to improve pattern collapse behavior at reduced (<25 nm) feature sizes. Initial patterning using 100 keV electron-beam lithography showed that the resolution of 4-Ep was improved to 15 nm 1:1 line:space patterns using these phenol-functionalized additives and demonstrate the potential of these additives to improve the resolution of a variety of epoxide crosslinking molecular resists.
关键词： phenol-functionalized additives,polymerization control,molecular resists,negative tone epoxide crosslinking,high-resolution patterning
更新于2025-09-09 09:28:46
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EXPRESS: Application of Different Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR) Methods in the Characterization of Lime-Based Mortars with Oxblood
摘要： Organic compounds have frequently been added into lime mortars for property modifications, in order to satisfy various functional needs in building techniques. This study applies Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy in transmission, reflection, and attenuated total reflection (ATR) modes to characterize lime-based mortar specimens containing oxblood, which has been used as additive as a common practice of long history in many parts of the world. The specimens were prepared basing upon a 19th-century Italian historic recipe, with the intention to have a better understanding on the possible characteristics of such mortars. Thermal analysis, color measurement and static contact angle test were also used. After curing, the specimens show a distinctive dark-red color on the top surface, which is different from the bulk. Color measurements on the surface suggest that this color was formed at an early stage and was able to maintain stable for a relatively long period of time. Both transmission and reflection FT-IR confirm the preferential accumulation of proteins on the top surface, which should have induced their water repellency according to the static contact angle test. In addition, specimens show weaker calcite bands in FT-IR transmission, reflection, as well as ATR spectra; the pattern of ATR spectra after the thermal analysis to 500 °C suggests the formation of amorphous calcium carbonate, which is related to the presence of oxblood.
关键词： Mortar,oxblood,attenuated total reflection,ATR,reflection Fourier transform infrared,FT-IR,building techniques,organic additives
更新于2025-09-04 15:30:14
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Toxicity effects of nickel electroplating effluents treated by photoelectrooxidation in the industries of the Sinos River Basin
摘要： The Sinos river Basin is an industrial region with many tanneries and electroplating plants in southern Brazil. The wastewater generated by electroplating contains high loads of salts and metals that have to be treated before discharge. After conventional treatment, this study applied an advanced oxidative process to degrade organic additives in the electroplating bright nickel baths effluent. Synthetic rinsing water was submitted to physical-chemical coagulation for nickel removal. The sample was submitted to ecotoxicity tests, and the effluent was treated by photoelectrooxidation (PEO). The effects of current density and treatment time were evaluated. The concentration of total organic carbon (TOC) was 38% lower. The toxicity tests of the effluent treated using PEO revealed that the organic additives were partially degraded and the concentration that is toxic for test organisms was reduced.
关键词： toxicity,nickel plating effluent,photoelectrooxidation,organic additives
更新于2025-09-04 15:30:14