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Efficiency and Quality Issues in the Production of Black Phosphorus by Mechanochemical Synthesis: A Multi-Technique Approach
摘要： Black phosphorus (BP) is a two-dimensional material potentially of great interest for applications in the fields of energy, sensing, and microelectronics. One of the most interesting methods to obtain BP is the conversion from red phosphorus (RP) by means of high-energy mechanochemical synthesis. To date, however, this synthesis process was not well characterized. In this work, starting from the mathematical model of energy transfer during the ball milling process, we investigate the effects on RP → BP conversion of three experimental parameters, the rotation speed, the milling time, and the weight ratio between the spheres and the milled material (BtPw ratio). The efficiency of the conversion process was verified by solid-state NMR, Raman spectroscopy, and X-ray diffraction. Whereas the first two parameters have a minor importance, the BtPw ratio plays a primary role in the RP → BP conversion. Yields approaching 100% can be obtained also with short milling times (15 min) and adequate rotation speed (e.g., 500 r.p.m.), provided that the BtPw ratio >40:1 is used. These results confirm the energy sustainability of the mechanochemical synthesis approach.
关键词： diffraction,solid-state NMR,anode,post-lithium ion batteries,Raman,mechanochemical synthesis
更新于2025-11-21 11:18:25
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Mg Doped Perovskite LaNiO <sub/>3</sub> Nanofibers as an Efficient Bifunctional Catalyst for Rechargeable Zinc–Air Batteries
摘要： Rational design of efficient and durable bifunctional catalysts toward oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) and oxygen evolution reaction (OER) is important for rechargeable zinc-air batteries. Herein, Mg doped perovskite LaNiO3 (LNO) nanofibers (LNMO NFs) were prepared by a facile electrospinning method combined with subsequent calcination. LNMO NFs show a more positive half-wave potential of 0.69V and a lower overpotential of 0.45 V at a current density of 10 mA cm-2 than those of the pristine LNO NFs. As an air electrode for zinc-air battery, the cell with LaNi0.85Mg0.15O3 NFs catalyst is able to deliver a high specific capacity of 809.9 mAh g-1 at a current density of 5 mA cm-2. It also shows an excellent cycling stability over 110 h at a current density of 10 mA cm?2. DFT calculation results demonstrate that the LNMO surface binds oxygen stronger than LNO, which contributes to enhanced OER activity as observed in our experiments. The results indicate that LNMO NFs is an efficient and durable bifunctional catalyst for zinc-air batteries.
关键词： bi-functional catalyst,Mg doped LaNiO3 nanofibers,electrospinning,density functional theory calculation,zinc-air batteries
更新于2025-11-14 17:04:02
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Nanoparticle Emissions from Metal-Assisted Chemical Etching of Silicon Nanowires for Lithium Ion Batteries
摘要： As one of the most promising anode materials for high-capacity lithium ion batteries (LIBs), silicon nanowires (SiNWs) have been studied extensively. The metal-assisted chemical etching (MACE) is a low-cost and scalable method for SiNWs synthesis. Nanoparticle emissions from the MACE process, however, are of grave concerns due to their hazardous effects on both occupational and public health. In this study, both airborne and aqueous nanoparticle emissions from the MACE process for SiNWs with three sizes of 90 nm, 120 nm, and 140 nm are experimentally investigated. The prepared SiNWs are used as anodes of LIB coin cells, and the experimental results reveal that the initial discharge and charge capacities of LIB electrodes are 3636 and 2721 mAh g-1 with 90 nm SiNWs, 3779 and 2712 mAh g-1 with 120 nm SiNWs, and 3611 and 2539 mAh g-1 with 140 nm SiNWs. It is found that, for 1 kW h of LIB electrodes, the MACE process for 140 nm SiNWs produces a high concentration of airborne nanoparticle emissions of 2.48 × 109 particles/cm3; the process for 120 nm SiNWs produces a high mass concentration of aqueous particle emissions, with a value of 9.95 × 105 mg/L. The findings in this study can provide experimental data of nanoparticle emissions from the MACE process for SiNWs for LIB applications, and can help the environmental impact assessment and life cycle assessment of the technology in the future.
关键词： Lithium ion batteries (LIBs),Metal-assisted chemical etching (MACE),Nanoparticle emissions,Silicon nanowires (SiNWs)
更新于2025-09-23 15:23:52
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Temperature fiber sensing of Li-ion batteries under different environmental and operating conditions
摘要： In this work, a network of fiber sensors has been developed for real time, in situ, and in operando multipoint monitoring the surface temperature distribution on a smartphone Li-ion battery (LiB). Different temperature and relative humidity conditions are considered, in order to mimic the LiB response in the dry, temperate, and cold climates. In total, the temperature variations that occur in five different locations of the LiB are monitored, during constant current charge and different discharge rates, under normal and abusive operating conditions, performing a thermal spatial mapping of the battery surface. In general, the sensors detect temperature variations according to the voltage signal change and faster variations of voltage usually translate in higher temperature rise at the LiB surface. For instance, under abusive discharge, where the voltage drop is fast, the temperature increases at least twice when compared to the normal operating conditions. Absolute temperature values as high as (65.0 ± 0.1) °C are detected by the optical sensor located near the electrodes, under the higher discharge rate (5.77 C) and dry climate. A thermal gradient is identified from the top to the bottom on the LiB surface during the experimental tests. A lower battery performance is observed when it operates under the cold climate, with maximum temperature variations of (30.0 ± 0.1) °C for the higher discharge rate. These results can be helpful to design of next generation of LiBs, improving a faster cooling in critical areas, in order to reduce accumulated heat and preventing consequences such as thermal runaway and failure.
关键词： Fiber Bragg grating sensors,Temperature monitoring,Abnormal operating conditions,Environment,Safety,Li-ion batteries
更新于2025-09-23 15:23:52
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Fully Solar-Powered Uninterrupted Overall Water-Splitting Systems
摘要： Extensive research efforts have been recently devoted to the development of self-driven electrocatalytic water-splitting systems to generate clean hydrogen chemical fuels. Currently, self-driven electrocatalytic water-splitting devices are powered by solar cells, which operate intermittently, or by aqueous batteries, which deliver stored electric power, leading to high operating costs and environmental pollution. Thus, a fully solar-powered uninterrupted overall water-splitting system is greatly desirable. Here, the solar cells, stable output voltage of 1.75 V Ni–Zn batteries, and high efficiency zinc–nickel–cobalt phosphide electrocatalysts are successfully assembled together to create a 24 h overall water-splitting system. Specifically, the silicon-based solar cells enable the charging of aqueous Ni–Zn batteries for energy storage as well as providing sufficient energy for electrocatalysis throughout the day; in addition, the high-capacity Ni–Zn batteries offer a steady output voltage for overall water-splitting at night. Such an uninterrupted solar-to-hydrogen system opens up exciting opportunities for the development and applications of renewable energy.
关键词： uninterrupted,solar-powered,water-splitting system,aqueous rechargeable batteries
更新于2025-09-23 15:23:52
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Acetic anhydride as oxygen donor in the non-hydrolytic sol-gel synthesis of mesoporous TiO2 with high electrochemical lithium storage performances
摘要： An original, halide-free non-hydrolytic sol-gel route to mesoporous anatase TiO2 with hierarchical porosity and high specific surface area is reported. This route is based on the reaction at 200 °C of titanium (IV) isopropoxide with acetic anhydride, in the absence of a catalyst or of a solvent. NMR studies indicated that this method provides an efficient, truly non-hydrolytic and aprotic route to TiO2. Formation of the oxide involves acetoxylation and condensation successive reactions, both with ester elimination. The resulting TiO2 materials were nanocrystalline, even before calcination. Small (≈10 nm) anatase nanocrystals spontaneously aggregated to form mesoporous micron sized particles with high specific surface area (260 m2 g-1 before calcination). Evaluation of the lithium storage performances showed a high reversible specific capacity, particularly for the non-calcined sample with the highest specific surface area favoring pseudo-capacitive storage: 253 mAh g-1 at 0.1C and 218 mAh g-1 at 1C (C = 336 mA g-1). This sample also showed good cyclability (>92% retention after 200 cycles at 336 mA g-1) with a high coulombic efficiency (99.8 %). Synthesis in the presence of a solvent (toluene or squalane) offers the possibility to tune the morphology and texture of the TiO2 nanomaterials.
关键词： anatase,mesoporous,acetic anhydride route,non-hydrolytic sol-gel,Li-ion batteries
更新于2025-09-23 15:23:52
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Easy preparation of nanoporous Ge/Cu3Ge composite and its high performances towards lithium storage
摘要： Nanoporous Ge/Cu3Ge composite is fabricated simply through selective dealloying of GeCuAl precursor alloy in dilute alkaline solution. The as-made Ge/Cu3Ge is characterized by three dimensional (3D) bicontinuous network nanostructure which comprises of substantial nanoscale pore voids and ligaments. Owing to the 3D porous architecture and the introduction of well-conductive Cu3Ge, the lithium storage performances of Ge are dramatically enhanced in terms of higher cycling stability and superior rate performance. Nanoporous Ge/Cu3Ge anode delivers steady capacities above 1000 mA h g-1 upon cycling for 70 loops at 400 mA g-1. In particular, after 300 cycles at the high rate of 3200 mA g-1 the capacity retention for Ge/Cu3Ge is able to reach a maximum of 99.3%. On the contrary, the pure nanoporous Ge encounters severe capacity decay. In view of the outstanding energy storage performances and easy preparation, nanoporous Ge/Cu3Ge exhibits great application potential as an advanced anode in lithium storage related technologies.
关键词： dealloying,anode,lithium ion batteries,nanoporous,germanium
更新于2025-09-23 15:23:52
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[IEEE 2018 International Ural Conference on Green Energy (UralCon) - Chelyabinsk (2018.10.4-2018.10.6)] 2018 International Ural Conference on Green Energy (UralCon) - Concepts of Solar Batteries Integration in Linear Infrastractural Objects
摘要： Land and maintenance costs are often underestimated in solar power costs evaluation, but those become more significant as solar cell prices go down. A shared use of land, infrastructure and maintenance can both reduce the solar electricity price and boost new infrastructure projects by supplying the demanded power and acceleration of investment return. We considered the possible technical, economic and social benefits of PV integration in railroads and powerlines. Some of the conclusions could be also expanded to other linear structures, demanding land alienation (pipe lines, highways, etc.). Own energy generation could significantly reduce the investment return period of such infrastructure. A possibility of getting high DC voltages in PV systems directly could be the most demanded in the 1.5 and 3 kVDC powered railroads. The application of solar batteries could also significantly improve railroads embankment stabilization in permafrost regions, which becomes more pronounced in connection with global warming and Arctic regions development.
关键词： solar batteries,distributed generation,shared use,grid-tied,land use
更新于2025-09-23 15:22:29
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GeO <sub/>2</sub> Encapsulated Ge Nanostructure with Enhanced Lithium-Storage Properties
摘要： Germanium (Ge)-based nanostructures, especially those with germanium dioxide (GeO2), have drawn great interest for applications in lithium (Li)-ion batteries due to their ultrahigh theoretical Li+ storage capability (8.4 Li/Ge). However, GeO2 in conventional Ge(s)/GeO2(c) (where (c) means the core and (s) means the shell) composite anodes with Ge shell outside GeO2 undergoes an irreversible conversion reaction, which restricts the maximum capacity of such batteries to 1126 mAhg?1 (the equivalent of storing 4.4 Li+). In this work, a porous GeO2(s)/Ge(c) nanostructure with GeO2 shell outside Ge cores are successfully fabricated utilizing the Kirkendall effect and used as a lithium-ion battery anode, giving a substantially improved capacity of 1333.5 mAhg?1 at a current density of 0.1 Ag?1 after 30 cycles and a stable long-time cycle performance after 100 cycles at a current density of 0.5 A g?1. The enhanced battery performance is attributed to the improved reversibility of GeO2 lithiation/delithiation processes catalyzed by Ge in the properly structured porous GeO2(s)/Ge(c) nanostructure.
关键词： porous,Kirkendall effect,nanostructures,lithium ion batteries,GeO2(s)/Ge(c)
更新于2025-09-23 15:22:29
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[IEEE 2018 IEEE 7th World Conference on Photovoltaic Energy Conversion (WCPEC) (A Joint Conference of 45th IEEE PVSC, 28th PVSEC & 34th EU PVSEC) - Waikoloa Village, HI, USA (2018.6.10-2018.6.15)] 2018 IEEE 7th World Conference on Photovoltaic Energy Conversion (WCPEC) (A Joint Conference of 45th IEEE PVSC, 28th PVSEC & 34th EU PVSEC) - Testing a PV-battery Integrated Module Prototype
摘要： The ?uctuating nature of solar power generation makes the coupling of energy storage and solar energy inevitable. This paper explores the integration of all the typical components of a PV-battery system in one single module, introducing a prototype of the so-called PV-Battery Integrated Module (PBIM). The electrical and thermal performance of the prototype were studied in order to analyse its behaviour under severe testing conditions. The prototype exhibited an appropriate charging ef?ciency of 95.7% on average, while the battery pack operated safely (at less than 45°C). When compared to a conventional system (battery and charge controller in a separated manner), the mean solar panel temperature of the prototype was 9.34% higher. However, in terms of power, the thermal losses in the PBIM resulted in an average increase of just 1.3 W (4.6%) in comparison to a conventional system. The testing validated the applicability of the integrated concept in harsh conditions, providing valuable information for future design improvements.
关键词： PV-battery Integrated Module,testing,prototype,solar energy,batteries
更新于2025-09-23 15:22:29