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Advances in Mid-Infrared Spectroscopy-Based Sensing Techniques for Exhaled Breath Diagnostics
摘要： Human exhaled breath consists of more than 3000 volatile organic compounds, many of which are relevant biomarkers for various diseases. Although gas chromatography has been the gold standard for volatile organic compound (VOC) detection in exhaled breath, recent developments in mid-infrared (MIR) laser spectroscopy have led to the promise of compact point-of-care (POC) optical instruments enabling even single breath diagnostics. In this review, we discuss the evolution of MIR sensing technologies with a special focus on photoacoustic spectroscopy, and its application in exhaled breath biomarker detection. While mid-infrared point-of-care instrumentation promises high sensitivity and inherent molecular selectivity, the lack of standardization of the various techniques has to be overcome for translating these techniques into more widespread real-time clinical use.
关键词： point-of-care (POC),infrared lasers,MIR,photoacoustic spectroscopy,biomarkers,exhaled breath analysis,non-invasive diagnostics,QCL,quantum cascade lasers,mid-infrared
更新于2025-09-23 15:21:01
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iHWG-MOX: A hybrid breath analysis system via the combination of substrate-integrated hollow waveguide infrared spectroscopy with metal oxide gas sensors
摘要： According to its materials and operating parameters, MOX sensors respond to target gases only by a change in sensor resistance with lack in selectivity. By use of IR spectroscopy, highly discriminatory information from samples at a molecular level can be obtained and the selectivity can be enhanced. A low-volume gas-cell was developed for a commercially available semiconducting metal oxide (MOX) methane gas sensor and coupled directly to a mid-infrared gas sensor based on substrate-integrated hollow waveguide (iHWG) technology combined with a Fourier transform infrared spectrometer. This study demonstrates a sensing process with combined orthogonal sensors for fast, time resolved and synergic detection of methane and carbon dioxide in gas samples.
关键词： iHWG,substrate integrated hollow waveguide,eNose,breath diagnostics,breath analysis,metal oxide (MOX) sensor
更新于2025-09-23 15:19:57
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Modification of an atmospheric pressure photoionization source for online analysis of exhaled breath coupled with quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry
摘要： Breath analysis is a promising method for metabolomics studies and clinical diagnosis, as it enables the observation of metabolites in a convenient and noninvasive way. In this work, an atmospheric pressure photoionization (APPI) source was modified for online analysis of exhaled breath by coupling with quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (QTOFMS). Three parameters, namely, the capillary voltage, the sampling flow and the curtain gas flow of the APPI source, were optimized. Five healthy volunteers, three males and two females, were enrolled to test the performance of modified APPI-QTOFMS by analyzing their exhaled breath. A total of 21 compounds were tentatively identified, and four metabolites, namely, dimethyl selenoxide, δ-valerolactam, hydroxymandelic acid and palmitic amide were detected in the exhaled breath for the first time. The result shows that modified APPI-QTOFMS can be used for the online study of exhaled breath.
关键词： QTOFMS,Breath analysis,Modified APPI
更新于2025-09-23 15:19:57
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[IEEE 2018 International Conference on Emerging Trends and Innovations In Engineering And Technological Research (ICETIETR) - Ernakulam, Cochin, India (2018.7.11-2018.7.13)] 2018 International Conference on Emerging Trends and Innovations In Engineering And Technological Research (ICETIETR) - Analysis of VOC Using Sensor Array for Early Detection of Breast Cancer
摘要： Breast Cancer is the most common cause of cancer-related deaths among women worldwide. Early detection of the breast cancer can increase the survival rate. Studies show that women whose breast cancer is detected at an early stage have 93% or higher rate of survival in the first 5 years. The available diagnostic methods have limited accuracy in various scenarios. A good screening method is always supported by a report of reduced death rate after the implementation. In the present scenario, Mammography can be considered as best among the screening methods available. But the accuracy of the test is low in the case of women below the age of 50 as their breast has high mammary gland density. Recent research in the region of that Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) in the human breath can be used as potential cancer diagnosing tool. This study makes use of the presence of these VOCs to create a non-invasive diagnostic tool with reduced mortality rate upon implementation [1][4][9].
关键词： Breast Cancer,VOCs,Breath Analysis,SAW Sensor
更新于2025-09-23 15:19:57
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Biomedical applications of mid-infrared quantum cascade lasers – a review
摘要： Mid-infrared spectroscopy has been applied to research in biology and medicine for more than 20 years and conceivable applications have been identified. More recently, these applications have been shown to benefit from the use of quantum cascade lasers due to their specific properties, namely high spectral power density, small beam parameter product, narrow emission spectrum and, if needed, tuning capabilities. This review provides an overview of the achievements and illustrates some applications which benefit from the key characteristics of quantum cascade laser-based mid-infrared spectroscopy using examples such as breath analysis, the investigation of serum, non-invasive glucose monitoring in bulk tissue and the combination of spectroscopy and microscopy of tissue thin sections for rapid histopathology.
关键词： quantum cascade lasers,glucose monitoring,mid-infrared spectroscopy,histopathology,breath analysis,biomedical applications
更新于2025-09-19 17:15:36
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Non-invasive prediction of lung cancer histological types through exhaled breath analysis by UV-irradiated electronic nose and GC/QTOF/MS
摘要： Lung cancer (LC) is one of the most lethal diseases from the last decades. Accurate diagnosis of LC histology could lead to the prescription of personalized medical treatment to the affected subjects, which could reduce the mortality rate. We present here an experimental study performed in the pulmonology units of three hospitals from Morocco to non-invasively detect LC and predict LC histology via the analysis of the volatile organic compounds (VOCs) emitted through breathing. Gas chromatography coupled to a quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometer (GC/QTOF/MS) employed to detect the breath VOCs, revealed 30 discriminative VOCs in the breath of healthy subjects and LC patients; among them, 4 unique of LC (non-small cell LC and small cell LC), as well as between two of the major subtypes of employed to characterize the overall composition of the collected breath samples, providing a non-small cell LC, namely squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) and adenocarcinoma (ADC). The satisfactory discrimination between the breath patterns of LC patients and healthy subjects. novel sensing technique in breath analysis, based on UV-irradiation of the gas sensors, was Importantly, the e-nose could further discriminate with high accuracy between the two types breath VOCs were found for the first time in the breath of LC patients, and could be used as new biomarkers for future LC diagnosis. Besides, an electronic nose (e-nose) system using a Keywords: Breath analysis, Lung cancer, Histology, GC/QTOF/MS, Electronic nose, UV- can provided an accurate mean for the non-invasive diagnosis of LC and LC histology. reported results prove that breath analysis with chemical gas sensors and analytical techniques irradiated WO3 sensors.
关键词： Lung cancer,Histology,UV-irradiated WO3 sensors,Electronic nose,Breath analysis,GC/QTOF/MS
更新于2025-09-19 17:13:59
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Sensitive, selective and rapid ammonia-sensing by gold nanoparticle-sensitized V2O5/CuWO4 heterojunctions for exhaled breath analysis
摘要： Marigold flower-like V2O5/CuWO4 heterojunctions were synthesized and its volatile organic compound (VOC)-sensing properties were tested and significantly enhanced after sensitizing by Au nanoparticles. Detailed characterizations were carried out by SEM, XRD and XPS to determine the morphology, crystal structure, elemental and chemical composition of the sensing materials, respectively. The fabricated gold-sensitized sensor was found to be rapidly responsive (a few seconds), highly sensitive to ammonia with good selectivity as compared to various types of VOCs. The limit of detection and linear range of sensor at 150°C were 212 ppb and 5-158 ppm, respectively, which is suitable for detection of exhaled breath ammonia of patients at their last stage of chronic kidney disease. Furthermore, it was found to be of high intra-day repeatability, which is properly explained by discussing the mechanism of NH3 sensing. Very long-term stability of the sensor was investigated over 56 days, once a week.
关键词： Ammonia-sensing,chronic kidney disease,exhaled breath analysis,Au-sensitized V2O5/CuWO4 heterojunctions
更新于2025-09-19 17:13:59
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[IEEE 2019 Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics Europe & European Quantum Electronics Conference (CLEO/Europe-EQEC) - Munich, Germany (2019.6.23-2019.6.27)] 2019 Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics Europe & European Quantum Electronics Conference (CLEO/Europe-EQEC) - Breath Signatures of Cerebral Palsy Patients Revealed with Mid-Infrared FTIR Spectroscopy
摘要： In the absence of “broadband” objective medical diagnostics, photonics technologies are now considered as a promising way to establish it. For example, being applied to human breath, under right conditions they should allow for unambiguous identification of metabolites circulating in blood and released in lungs alveoli as volatile organic compounds (VOCs). Nowadays, tremendous progress is achieved in developing laser-based mid-infrared spectrometers highly sensitive to VOCs [1,2]. Still, the spectral range covered by the laser spectrometers demonstrated so far, and signal-to-nose ratio (SNR) are not superior to conventional FTIR spectrometers based on thermal source. A significant amount of water vapour in breath is another, though general for all techniques, severe problem for VOCs detection. In addition to the detection, data analysis should be advanced in order to accurately compare healthy and diseased cohorts under study.
关键词： cerebral palsy,FTIR spectroscopy,mid-infrared spectroscopy,breath analysis,VOCs
更新于2025-09-16 10:30:52
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[IEEE 2019 Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics Europe & European Quantum Electronics Conference (CLEO/Europe-EQEC) - Munich, Germany (2019.6.23-2019.6.27)] 2019 Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics Europe & European Quantum Electronics Conference (CLEO/Europe-EQEC) - Compact Photoacoustic Spectrometer Based on a Widely Tunable Mid-Infrared Pulsed Optical Parametric Oscillator
摘要： For highly sensitive and selective photoacoustic (PA) trace-gas sensing it is desirable to use high power light sources with large wavelength tunability in the mid-infrared (MIR) region, where most molecules have strong vibrational transitions. The OPO technology is an old technology, but still an excellent choice as light source for PA spectroscopy. The advantages are their molecular specificity due to large wavelength tunability (1.5 to 5μm), high energy output, cost-effectiveness and compactness [1]. The tunability of OPOs together with PA allow for multi-gas detection of several components with common signal processing and data analysis. MIR OPOs can operate in different configurations both pulsed and continuous wave (CW). The pulsed operation results in high peak power, potentially nonlinear absorption effects and a normalized noise equivalent absorption that is not extreme. We demonstrate a novel miniaturized PA trace gas analyzer platform integrated with a MIR OPO targeting the major market opportunity of environmental monitoring and breath analysis [2,3]. We demonstrate that a miniaturized photoacoustic spectroscopic (PAS) cell can be excited resonantly with the MIR OPO by adjusting the laser pulse repetition rate to match the acoustic resonance of the PAS cell. The application of the gas sensor for real time environmental measurements and breath analysis is demonstrated using three samples of gas concentration; 100 ppmV of methane (CH4), 100 ppmV of nitrogen dioxide (NO2), and approximately 1000 ppmV ammonia (NH3) in atmospheric air with a humidity of 40% [3]. A gas flow rate of 300 ml/min through the PAS cell was applied for the three samples. These gases are well-known environmental trace gases and biomarkers in exhaled breath. The gases cause environmental degradation through their effects on soil acidification, eutrophication, and stratospheric ozone depletion. The presence of ammonia in the environment is mainly due to the degradation of animal waste, industrial processes and diesel exhaust. NO2 is a toxic gas and a regulated air pollutant that possess a serious risk for human health. Monitoring them in human breath is also particularly relevant as they are potential cancer biomarkers. We acknowledge the financial support from EUREKA (Eurostars program: E10589 - PIRMAH) and the Danish Agency for Higher Education.
关键词： photoacoustic spectroscopy,optical parametric oscillator,breath analysis,trace-gas sensing,mid-infrared,environmental monitoring
更新于2025-09-11 14:15:04