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Large-Area Perovskite Solar Cells
摘要： Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have been attracting much attention during the past years due to the advantages of perovskite materials such as high light absorption coefficient, excellent charge mobility, long charge diffusion length, tunable direct band gap, low cost, etc., exhibiting great potential as the next-generation photovoltaic technology [1-3]. The certificated power conversion efficiency (PCE) as high as 25.2% has been achieved for single-junction PSCs with an active area of 0.0937 cm2 (https://www.nrel.gov/pv/assets/pdfs/best-research-cell-efficiencies.20200128.pdf). However, the state-of-the-art PCE of the large-area PSCs with the active area larger than 10 cm2 (minimodules) is 18.04% (19.276 cm2) (http://solar.in-en.com/html/solar-2352538.shtml), which is still much lower than the value of 79 cm2 silicon solar cell with the PCE of 26.7%. Fig. 1 shows nearly 50 published papers during the past years about the research progress on the PCEs of mesoporous and planar (normal and inverted) structural large-area PSC minimodules, of which the typical active area is from 10 to 100 cm2, and the five cases with the size larger than 100 cm2 are labelled. It should be mentioned that the reported results from companies are not included in Fig. 1 because the detailed device information is not clear. PSC minimodules were first reported in 2014, and much progress has been achieved subsequently. At present, it could normally achieve mesoporous or planar structural PSC minimodules with the PCEs between 15% and 18%. Meanwhile, stability is another very important factor that directly determines the actual applications of PSCs [2,4]. In order to accelerate the commercialization of PSCs, it is highly desired to further develop large-area PSCs and modules with high efficiency and good stability.
关键词： Stability,Perovskite solar cells,Commercialization,Large-area,Efficiency
更新于2025-09-23 15:21:01
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[IEEE 2019 IEEE 46th Photovoltaic Specialists Conference (PVSC) - Chicago, IL, USA (2019.6.16-2019.6.21)] 2019 IEEE 46th Photovoltaic Specialists Conference (PVSC) - Industrial Production and Field Evaluation of Transparent Electrodynamic Screen (EDS) Film for Water-Free Cleaning of Solar Collectors
摘要： Since their introduction, field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs) have grown in capacity by more than a factor of 10 000 and in performance by a factor of 100. Cost and energy per operation have both decreased by more than a factor of 1000. These advances have been fueled by process technology scaling, but the FPGA story is much more complex than simple technology scaling. Quantitative effects of Moore’s Law have driven qualitative changes in FPGA architecture, applications and tools. As a consequence, FPGAs have passed through several distinct phases of development. These phases, termed ‘‘Ages’’ in this paper, are The Age of Invention, The Age of Expansion and The Age of Accumulation. This paper summarizes each and discusses their driving pressures and fundamental characteristics. The paper concludes with a vision of the upcoming Age of FPGAs.
关键词： commercialization,programmable logic,Moore’s Law,Application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC),economies of scale,field-programmable gate array (FPGA),industrial economics
更新于2025-09-23 15:19:57
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A review on perovskite solar cells: Evolution of architecture, fabrication techniques, commercialization issues and status
摘要： Perovskite Solar Cells (PSCs) have grabbed the attention of the researchers worldwide owing to their outstanding Photovoltaic (PV) performance. PSCs are the future of the PV technology as they are capable of generating power with performance being comparable with the leading Silicon solar cells, with the cost being lower than Silicon solar cells. The enormous potential of PSCs is evident from the fact that the efficiency of these cells has risen from 3.8% to 25.2% within a decade, and it is continuously rising to date. We discuss the features making PSCs superior to contemporary PV technologies. The description of the evolution of efficiency and various architectures used to date has been presented. The perovskite film fabrication techniques with some large scale perovskite solar cell manufacturing techniques are discussed. Despite positive traits, the PSCs have faced some issues, such as degradation in the presence of moisture, oxygen, and UV, toxicity, etc. The impact of these factors with various remedies adopted by researchers has been discussed. However, the instability issue raised by toxicity is not of much concern is supported in this paper. These issues creating obstacles in the path of commercialization of PSCs along with the commercialization road map are discussed thoroughly.
关键词： Perovskite,Commercialization,Cell architecture,Fabrication,Toxicity,Degradation
更新于2025-09-19 17:13:59
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Sustainability of Additive Manufacturing for the South African aerospace industry: A business model for laser technology production, commercialization and market prospects
摘要： Ever changing products, technology and competition make manufacturing a challenging task with respect to responding to market opportunities. A key technology exploited for revolutionary change in the phase of manufacturing competitiveness is the additive manufacturing techniques. Additive manufacturing (AM) is a category of technologies, which is fast shifting from mere resource base to a knowledge base, transitioning from prototyping to manufacturing of end usable parts with defined mechanical properties. In South African industrialization context, technology development for value proposition is an encouraged phenomenon. This is being realized through the South African government’s investment in research and equipment funding to science council and academia focusing on the full AM value chain for the aerospace and medical industries. However, despite the skills in the research and development space of AM, laser technology remain an unconventional process that lacks knowledge in terms of how the production techniques can be commercialized. The aim of this study is to evaluate technological capabilities that informs industrial manufacturing setup, and create a business prospects for the laser-based additive manufacturing segment of South Africa.
关键词： Additive manufacturing,Laser technology,Commercialization
更新于2025-09-12 10:27:22
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Creating business out of bright light: Scientists and the commercialization of synchrotron‐enabled research
摘要： Governments have attached a high priority to the commercialization of science and technology as a foundation for participation in the “new economy.” Scientists typically view their work in less commercial terms and focus on making contributions to knowledge. When governments invest in large-scale scientific infrastructure, like synchrotrons, they are increasingly concerned about the business and employment outcomes. This study examines the attitudes of synchrotron scientists at the Canadian Light Source (CLS) at the University of Saskatchewan toward government expectations and programs supporting commercialization. The scientists are, as a group, ambivalent toward strong commercialization efforts and feel that the expectations of government are unrealistic. Many, however, appreciate the financial and political requirements to focus on commercial activities, and a significant number see both research and societal benefits in engaging actively with private sector partners.
关键词： government expectations,synchrotron,Canadian Light Source,science and technology,commercialization
更新于2025-09-11 14:15:04