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Cost analysis of solar thermal propulsion systems for microsatellite applications
摘要： In recent years, satellite design has extended towards miniaturisation to reduce associated cost with launching and conducting space missions. Small satellites provide low-cost platforms for space missions. However, this lower cost comes at the expense of the removal of key sub-systems, such as the propulsion system, due to the small available onboard volume and mass restrictions. For this reason, small, lightweight, high-performing and affordable propulsion systems are necessary. However, there is limited research available on the comparison of propulsion technologies with regards to cost. Motivated by the above challenges the objective of this paper is to provide a comparison of propulsion technologies that are compatible with small satellites with respect to cost and application. The different propulsion systems are investigated for three mission scenarios, a small on-orbit manoeuvre, a station-keeping, and a lunar orbit transfer mission. Each system is evaluated in terms of a total figure of merit which incorporates nine variables such as propellant mass, safety, and hardware price, that affect the total cost of a propulsion system. This figure of merit is used to quantitatively compare the propulsion systems to identify cost-effective solutions as a function of various mission scenarios. Solar thermal propulsion has been proposed for small satellite applications, but information regarding the concepts are not available in a single report. Therefore, another objective of this paper is to provide the reader with a review of the current status of solar thermal propulsion. An important finding of this research is the classification of propulsion systems in terms of thrust, specific impulse, cost, and application.
关键词： Solar Thermal Propulsion,Low-cost Propulsion Systems,Small Satellites
更新于2025-09-23 15:21:01
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Environmental impacts and economic feasibility of end of life photovoltaic panels in Australia: A comprehensive assessment
摘要： The severe challenges of the end-of-life management of photovoltaic panels are predicted to enter its critical stage in Australia from the early 2030s owing to the wide-reaching deployment of PV panels in the past two decades. There appears to be a lack of holistic strategy concerning the environmental impacts of disposal scenarios and also enacting of comprehensive local policy and regulations. As a way forward in the promotion of the sustainable management of this complex waste flow, this study performed an inclusive life cycle assessment utilizing SimaPro 9.0.029, and an economic feasibility analysis employing the Discounted Cash Flow (DCF) method for various scenarios. The performed LCA in this paper highlighted the environmental burden and credit responsibilities of an industrial scale treatment procedure proposed for Australia. Findings from the analysis indicated that the domestic treatment of EoL PV module is feasible and includes high-profit margins while making a considerable reduction on environmental burdens and resource losses. The outcome of the economic feasibility assessment has shown some promising numbers for 20,000 tonnes per year of annual PV waste flow. Hence, the variation of the critical economic factors could not affect the feasibility of the treatment pathway. However, the plant with a yearly capacity of 10,000 tonnes EoL PV panels did not show profitability at any condition unless the Australian government considers a special tax-exemption during the loan lifetime. Finally, this study illuminates toward the sustainable management of EoL PV panels and circular economy pathway by providing useful concrete evidence to the decision-makers.
关键词： techno-economic analysis,End-of-life PV module,LCA,Waste management,End-of-life photovoltaic,Cost-effective analysis
更新于2025-09-23 15:19:57
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Assessing the effectiveness of Chinaa??s net-metering subsidies for household distributed photovoltaic systems
摘要： Consumer incentives play a vital role in promoting the adoption of renewable energy technology. In China, the government implemented a single, nation-wide net-metering subsidy to cultivate the distributed photovoltaic electricity generation market in 2013 and then had to reduce it twice due to the falling cost of photovoltaic modules and the large resultant financial gap. The aim of this study was to evaluate whether these subsidy adjustments were accurate, and also to identify the factors affecting the subsidy design. We applied a techno-economic evaluation to examine the actual market performance of China’s household distributed photovoltaic system in five typical cities with different levels of solar radiation and electricity consumption patterns, and then investigated the subsidy policy’s effectiveness through a cost-benefit analysis. The results show that a 3e7 kW photovoltaic capacity in different regions of solar radiation can meet the residential electricity demand. We found that the examination of net-metering effectiveness should consider both regional difference in solar radiation and the different levels of electricity demand. Additionally, the cost-benefit analysis also indicated that a reasonable, regionally differentiated metering subsidy should be in the range of 0.05e0.27 yuan/kWh.
关键词： Cost-benefit analysis,Distributed photovoltaic power generation,Techno-economic evaluation,Net-metering policy
更新于2025-09-23 15:19:57
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[IEEE 2019 International Conference on Optical MEMS and Nanophotonics (OMN) - Daejeon, Korea (South) (2019.7.28-2019.8.1)] 2019 International Conference on Optical MEMS and Nanophotonics (OMN) - Wavelength-selective beam deflector based on Fano-resonant metasurface
摘要： Cameras embedded in consumer devices have previously been used as physiological information sensors. The waveform of the photoplethysmographic image (PPGi) signals may be significantly affected by the light spectra and intensity. The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the performance of PPGi waveform acquisition in the red, green, and blue channels using a commercial camera in different light conditions. The system, developed for this paper, comprises of a commercial camera and light sources with varied spectra and intensities. Signals were acquired from the fingertips of 12 healthy subjects. Extensive experiments, using different wavelength lights and white light with variation light intensities, respectively, reported in this paper, showed that almost all light spectra can acquire acceptable pulse rates, but only 470-, 490-, 505-, 590-, 600-, 610-, 625-, and 660-nm wavelength lights showed better performance in PPGi waveform compared with gold standard. With lower light intensity, the light spectra >600 nm still showed better performance. The change in pulse amplitude (ac) and dc amplitude was also investigated with the different light intensity and light spectra. With increasing light intensity, the dc amplitude increased, whereas ac component showed an initial increase followed by a decrease. Most of the subjects achieved their maximum averaging ac output when averaging dc output was in the range from 180 to 220 pixel values (8 b, 255 maximum pixel value). The results suggested that an adaptive solution could be developed to optimize the design of PPGi-based physiological signal acquisition devices in different light conditions.
关键词： Photoplethysmographic image,light intensity,light spectrum,low-cost camera
更新于2025-09-23 15:19:57
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Optimization of cleaning frequency and dust accumulation effect on photovoltaic panels
摘要： This Paper introduces a relation between Cleaning Intervals (m), Annual Energy Losses loss(m), Annual Cleaning Cost Ccl(m) and the Total Annual Cost Ct(m) in the PV system. Cost cE As the Dust accumulation reduces the solar transmittance of PV modules subsequently the PV modules will be affected negatively so this work is carried out to investigate the optimum cleaning frequency of PV modules cleaning through monitoring the soiling loss, soiling modeling was obtained in detail. Studying the effect of soiling density on angle of incidence (AOI) based on the obtained soiling rate and cleaning PV scenarios was also investigated with same steps. The main goal behind this study was to compare between the Annual Cleaning Cost and the Annual Energy Losses Cost to meet the optimized Cleaning rate with the minimum Energy Losses and Cost.
关键词： Dust Accumulation,Optimum Interval Energy and Cost Curve Fitting,Photovoltaic,Cleaning Frequency
更新于2025-09-23 15:19:57
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Possibilities of Using Semi-Transparent Photovoltaic Modules on Rooftops of Greenhouses for Covering Their Energy Needs
摘要： Semi-transparent photovoltaic cells allow the transmittance of solar irradiance through them and they have been used in building’s skylights and facades. Their use on rooftops of greenhouses can result in electricity generation which can cover part or all of their energy needs without affecting the growth of the plants. This also results in the decrease of cooling requirements during the summer since less solar irradiance is entering the greenhouse and lower CO2 emissions due to energy use in it. However, their current prices are high compared with the prices of opaque PV cells. The purpose of the present work is to investigate the possible use of semi-transparent PV modules placed on the roof of energy intensive greenhouses in Crete-Greece in order to cover their energy requirements and sell the surplus electricity into the grid. Two different cases have been studied where greenhouses of 1,000 m2 each cover their high heating needs using heat pumps and solid biomass. PV modules of 42.5 KWp can be placed on their roofs covering slightly less than 50 % of their surface allowing enough solar irradiance to enter the greenhouse. In the first case the generated electricity can cover more than 80 % of total energy needs and in the second all the energy needs offering the possibility of selling the surplus electricity to the grid. However, the current high prices of semi-transparent PVs do not favour their use by farmers since their installation costs are high. Future financial support from the government could increase their attractiveness for commercial applications in greenhouses.
关键词： greenhouses,electricity generation,cost,environmental impacts,Semi-transparent photovoltaics,energy
更新于2025-09-23 15:19:57
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Laser speckle reduction utilized by lens vibration for laser projection applications
摘要： In this paper, a compact speckle reduction method utilizing vibrating lenses for laser beam scanning is proposed and demonstrated. The maximum speckle reduction ef?ciency was found to be 75.6% and 81.25% for a 532 nm diode-pumped solid-state (DPSS) laser and a 520 nm laser diode (LD), respectively. The minimum speckle contrast ratio observed using our method was 0.11 for the DPSS laser and 0.06 for the LD. The proposed method can provide speckle reduction with minimal power requirements, a low implementation cost, and no bending for the optical path of the laser beam. Additionally, this method is promising to withstand high-power lasers for use in high lumen laser projectors by optimizing the lens parameters. The demonstrated technique has a small form factor while simultaneously demonstrating a high degree of speckle reduction, which shows potential for speckle reduction in mini- and pico- laser projector applications.
关键词： pico-projectors,compact method,laser displays,vibrating lens,speckle reduction,mini-projectors,low cost
更新于2025-09-23 15:19:57
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High-performance plasmonic refractive index sensors via synergy between annealed nanoparticles and thin films
摘要： Plasmonic nanostructure-based refractive index (RI) sensors are the core component of biosensor systems and play an increasingly important role in the diagnosis of human disease. However, the costs of traditional plasmonic RI sensors are not acceptable to everyone due to their expensive fabrication process. Here, a novel low-cost and high-performance visible-light RI sensor with a particle-on-film configuration was experimentally demonstrated. The sensor was fabricated by transferring annealed Au nanoparticles (NPs) onto a thin gold film with polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) as a support. RI sensitivities of approximately 209 nm/RIU and 369 nm/RIU were achieved by reflection and transmission spectrum measurements, respectively. The high sensitivity is due to the strong plasmon-mediated energy confinement within the interface between the particles and the film. The possibility of wafer-scale production and high working stability achieved by the transfer process, together with the high sensitivity to the environmental RI, provides an extensive impact on the realization of universal biosensors for biological applications.
关键词： high stability,transfer process,low cost,refractive index sensors,particle-on-film structure
更新于2025-09-23 15:19:57
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Current status and future perspectives for localizing the solar photovoltaic industry in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
摘要： Saudi Arabia has developed Saudi Vision 2030, an ambitious plan to reduce the country’s dependence on oil by supporting promising private energy organizations and by developing opportunities that contributes to the national economy. In the manufacturing sector, the government is encouraging technology transfers in the renewable energy industries. It is expected to result in the localization of significant parts of the renewable energy value chain in Saudi Arabia. Solar energy systems are proven renewable energy source globally and domestically, it has its long and vast share of experience, from operations and maintenance, to solar data monitoring and gathering. Wide areas had been identified, where this technology can be highly installed and integrated. Components can be manufactured from locally available raw materials to achieve the final products. This study analyzed the key elements of the value chain for producing crystalline silicon solar photovoltaic systems. This paper presents recommendations for localizing this industry in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia to align with the goals of Saudi Vision 2030. Although these recommendations are based on the environmental conditions of Saudi Arabia, such are also highly relevant for further application to other countries in the Middle East and North Africa region, where widespread energy transitions from fossil fuels to renewable resources are already taking place.
关键词： Saudi Vision 2030,Crystalline silicon,Localization,Value chain,Cost breakdown,Photovoltaic (PV)
更新于2025-09-23 15:19:57
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A high throughput, linear molecular beam epitaxy system for reduced cost manufacturing of GaAs photovoltaic cells: will GaAs ever be inexpensive enough?
摘要： Solar cells based on GaAs and related compounds provide the highest reported efficiency single junction and multijunction solar cells. However, the cost of the cells is prohibitive when compared with Si and other thin film solar technologies. One significant differentiator is the high cost required to grow the epitaxial layers. Here, we propose a molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) system design that has the potential to increase the epitaxial layer growth throughput, thereby significantly reducing production costs. A rack-and-pinion based linear transfer system sequentially transfers multiple substrate platens between interconnected growth positions within the chamber, thereby synchronously growing layers on many wafers in the desired order and at the required thicknesses. The proposed linear MBE platform is the basis for a realistic analysis of GaAs single junction photovoltaic cell production cost. Our model projects a nearly 55% cost reduction in epitaxial growth via linear MBE when compared to conventional MBE, and a 85% reduction when further process optimization is assumed and combined with non-destructive lift off. Even when considering all of these factors in an optimistic light, the cost of epitaxial unconcentrated GaAs solar cells using any existing growth process is unlikely to drop below $3 per Wp in the foreseeable future.
关键词： photovoltaic cells,GaAs,molecular beam epitaxy,linear MBE,cost reduction
更新于2025-09-23 15:19:57