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Current status and future perspectives for localizing the solar photovoltaic industry in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
摘要： Saudi Arabia has developed Saudi Vision 2030, an ambitious plan to reduce the country’s dependence on oil by supporting promising private energy organizations and by developing opportunities that contributes to the national economy. In the manufacturing sector, the government is encouraging technology transfers in the renewable energy industries. It is expected to result in the localization of significant parts of the renewable energy value chain in Saudi Arabia. Solar energy systems are proven renewable energy source globally and domestically, it has its long and vast share of experience, from operations and maintenance, to solar data monitoring and gathering. Wide areas had been identified, where this technology can be highly installed and integrated. Components can be manufactured from locally available raw materials to achieve the final products. This study analyzed the key elements of the value chain for producing crystalline silicon solar photovoltaic systems. This paper presents recommendations for localizing this industry in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia to align with the goals of Saudi Vision 2030. Although these recommendations are based on the environmental conditions of Saudi Arabia, such are also highly relevant for further application to other countries in the Middle East and North Africa region, where widespread energy transitions from fossil fuels to renewable resources are already taking place.
关键词： Saudi Vision 2030,Crystalline silicon,Localization,Value chain,Cost breakdown,Photovoltaic (PV)
更新于2025-09-23 15:19:57
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Polymeric Electron-Selective Contact for Crystalline Silicon Solar Cells with an Efficiency Exceeding 19%
摘要： Carrier-selective contacts have become a prominent path forward towards efficient crystalline silicon (c-Si) photovoltaics. Among the proposed contacting materials, organic materials may offer simplified and low-cost processing compared with typical vacuum deposition techniques. Here, branched polyethyleneimine (b-PEI) is presented as an electron-transport layer (ETL) for c-Si solar cells. The incorporation of b-PEI interlayer between c-Si(n) and Al leads to a low contact resistivity of 24 mΩ cm2. Silicon heterojunction solar cell integrated with b-PEI is demonstrated achieving a power conversion efficiency of 19.4%, which improves the benchmark efficiency of a c-Si solar cell with an organic ETL. This electron-selectivity of b-PEI is attributed to its Lewis basicity, i.e., electron donating ability, promoting favorable band bending at the c-Si surface for electron transport. Moreover, several other Lewis base polymers perform as efficient ETLs in organic/c-Si hybrid devices, indicating Lewis basicity could be a guideline for future organic ETLs design.
关键词： solar cells,crystalline silicon,polymeric electron-selective contact,b-PEI,Lewis basicity
更新于2025-09-23 15:19:57
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Eliminating light- and elevated temperature-induced degradation in P-type PERC solar cells by a two-step thermal process
摘要： Light- and elevated temperature-induced degradation (LeTID) can have a severe impact on the carrier lifetime of silicon substrates used in solar cell production and thus remains a crucial challenge for manufacturers. In this work, we introduce a two-step annealing process to mitigate LeTID in multi-crystalline silicon (mc-Si) passivated emitter and rear cell (PERC) solar cells. We demonstrate that the first annealing step (450°C) with a slow belt speed (0.5 m/min) plays a primary role in mitigating LeTID in the cells, but also results in an increase in contact resistance. The application of a second annealing step at a similar temperature (400–500°C) with a faster belt speed (1.4 m/min) recovers the contact resistance whilst maintaining the stability of the cell. Applying this approach to the p-type mc-Si PERC solar cells resulted in a reduction of efficiency loss during light soaking from ~6%rel (control) to ~1%rel (treated sample). This finding is significant for p-type mc-Si solar cell manufacturers, as the process can be applied to finished cells using a standard belt firing furnace to stabilise cell efficiency for long term operation in the field.
关键词： Light- and elevated temperature-induced degradation (LeTID),Multi-crystalline silicon (mc-Si),Two-step thermal process,Contact resistance,Eliminating
更新于2025-09-23 15:19:57
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Passivating contacts and tandem concepts: Approaches for the highest silicon-based solar cell efficiencies
摘要： The efficiency of photovoltaic energy conversion is a decisive factor for low-cost electricity from renewable energies. In recent years, the efficiency of crystalline silicon solar cells in mass production has increased annually by about 0.5–0.6%abs per year. In order to maintain this development speed, new technologies must be developed and transferred to industrial production. After the transition from full area Al back surface field cells to passivated emitter and rear contact cells, passivating contacts are an important step to get as close as possible to the efficiency limit of single junction Si solar cells. The theoretical background and the two prominent technologies for passivating contacts are presented and discussed. After implementing passivating contacts, the fundamental limit of single junction Si solar cells of 29.4% is in reach. Multi-junction solar cells are the most promising option to achieve efficiencies greater than 30%. Tandem technologies based on crystalline silicon as bottom cells have the advantage that they are based on a mature technology established on a gigawatt scale and can partially use the existing production capacity. In addition, silicon has an ideal bandgap for the lower subcell of a tandem solar cell. The two most promising material candidates for the top cell, i.e., III/V and perovskites, will be discussed. The presented technology routes show that silicon is able to maintain its outstanding position in photovoltaics in the coming years.
关键词： perovskites,multi-junction solar cells,III/V,photovoltaic energy conversion,passivating contacts,tandem technologies,crystalline silicon solar cells
更新于2025-09-23 15:19:57
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Robust crystalline silicon photovoltaic module (c-Si PVM) for the tropical climate: future facing the technology
摘要： A critical impediment to the adoption and sustained deployment of crystalline silicon photovoltaic modules (c-Si PVMs) in the tropical climate is the accelerated degradation of their interconnections. At 40.7% c-Si PVM interconnect failure rate worldwide and significantly higher in the tropics. A review of impact of elevated ambient temperature operations on accelerated interconnection degradation is critical to achieving the system’s sustainability and reliability up to the 25-year design lifespan. This study reviews critical module’s operational parameters to advise on the future facing creation of robust module for the tropical region. Key areas reviewed include manufacturing process, solar cell efficiency, interconnection technology and R&D parameters. The review discusses the state-of-the-art in c-Si PVM interconnection technologies and propose back-junction-back-contact (BJ-BC) cell technology for adoption in the manufacture of the next generation of robust c-Si PVM for the tropics. The review findings provide insight into the future facing the robust c-Si PVM technology that is useful to the module design engineers.
关键词： Crystalline silicon photovoltaic module,elevated ambient temperature,interconnection failure,module life span
更新于2025-09-23 15:19:57
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Unassisted Water Splitting Using Standard Silicon Solar Cells Stabilized with Copper and Bi-functional NiFe Electrocatalysts
摘要： Silicon photovoltaic cells functionalized with water splitting electro-catalysts are promising candidates for unassisted water splitting. In these devices, the total surface of silicon solar cell is covered with electrocatalyst causing issues with i) stabilizing silicon solar cell in water and ii) device efficiency due to parasitic optical absorption in electrocatalyst. We describe and validate a water splitting device concept using a crystalline silicon solar cell where the front-side is covered with insulating Si3N5 antireflection coating. The Ag contacts, fired through the antireflection coating, are removed and subsequently substituted with NiFe layered double hydroxide (LDH) or Cu/NiFe-LDH electrocatlysts. In this device only the site of Ag contacts, nearly 2% of total device area is covered by the electrocatalyst. We found this small area of catalyst does not limit device performance and addition of a Cu interlayer between Si and NiFe-LDH improves device performance and stability. The unassisted water splitting efficiency of 11.31%, measured without separating the evolved gases, is achieved using a device composed of three series-connected silicon solar cells and a NiFe-LDH/Cu/Ni-foam counter electrode in a highly alkaline electrolyte.
关键词： NiFe layered double hydroxides,Photoelectrochemical Cells,Unassisted Water Splitting,Crystalline Silicon Solar Cell,Si Photocathodes
更新于2025-09-23 15:19:57
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Deflecting transmissive light beams with metasurfaces based on crystalline silicon high-contrast grating
摘要： Dielectric metasurfaces have emerged and expanded rapidly for their success in realizing high-efficiency wavefront control in the optical and infrared ranges. However, devices have either been demonstrated at near-infrared regime using high-index semiconductors such as silicon, or they use lower index dielectric materials such as TiO2 or Si3N4 and operate in the visible wavelength regime to avoid the optical loss of dielectric materials. It seems that dielectric metasurfaces could not achieve either high index or high device efficiency, simultaneously. Here, we provide a crystalline silicon metasurface scheme to efficiently modulate transmitted light beams at the wavelengths as short as to 532 nm. The unit cell of the metasurfaces consists of high-contrast grating (HCG), which provides full 2π phase control for circular polarized incident beams in thin film. The demonstration of HCG deflector shows that the device enables high deflecting efficiency as high as those made by transparent materials. Our results provide a paradigm to functionalize transmitted light beams based on crystalline silicon in the visible wavelength regime.
关键词： dielectric metasurfaces,high-contrast grating,diffractive optics,crystalline silicon
更新于2025-09-23 15:19:57
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Efficient tandem solar cells with solution-processed perovskite on textured crystalline silicon
摘要： Stacking solar cells with decreasing band gaps to form tandems presents the possibility of overcoming the single-junction Shockley-Queisser limit in photovoltaics. The rapid development of solution-processed perovskites has brought perovskite single-junction efficiencies >20%. However, this process has yet to enable monolithic integration with industry-relevant textured crystalline silicon solar cells. We report tandems that combine solution-processed micrometer-thick perovskite top cells with fully textured silicon heterojunction bottom cells. To overcome the charge-collection challenges in micrometer-thick perovskites, we enhanced threefold the depletion width at the bases of silicon pyramids. Moreover, by anchoring a self-limiting passivant (1-butanethiol) on the perovskite surfaces, we enhanced the diffusion length and further suppressed phase segregation. These combined enhancements enabled an independently certified power conversion efficiency of 25.7% for perovskite-silicon tandem solar cells. These devices exhibited negligible performance loss after a 400-hour thermal stability test at 85°C and also after 400 hours under maximum power point tracking at 40°C.
关键词： tandem solar cells,perovskite,solar cells,solution-processed,crystalline silicon
更新于2025-09-19 17:13:59
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Modified laser‐fired contact process for efficient PERC solar cells
摘要： A laser‐fired contact (LFC) process is one of the techniques for making local electrical contacts at the rear side of passivated emitter and rear cell (PERC) solar cells. In the LFC process, opening of the passivated dielectric layers and alloying of Si and Al need to be made in a single step laser process. For this reason, the LFC process is accompanied by the loss of Al and the laser damage to the Si wafer. In this study, we present a novel multistep LFC process combining the conventional LFC and laser‐induced forward transfer (LIFT) processes. The modified LFC scheme we proposed consists of three steps: (a) opening of the passivation layers and partial alloying of Al‐Si, (b) additional deposition of Al on the local contact holes, and (c) post laser firing of the transferred Al. Applying the modified LFC process to the PERC cells of 1.0 cm2 of area, we demonstrate the effective recombination velocity of the laser‐processed wafers can be remarkably reduced while maintaining the low contact resistance. The best of the PERC solar cell fabricated by the modified LFC process exhibited an efficiency of 19.5% while the conventional LFC‐PERC cell showed 18.6%. The efficiency gains of the modified LFC‐PERC cells was largely contributed by the enhanced open circuit voltage (Voc) and fill factor (FF).
关键词： contact resistance,crystalline silicon solar cells,PERC cell,pulsed laser,laser‐fried contact,implied Voc
更新于2025-09-19 17:13:59
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Luminescence of Cr3+/Yb3+ co-doped oxyfluoride silicate glasses for crystalline silicon solar cell down-conversion devices
摘要： Oxy?uoride silicate glasses co-doped with Cr3+ and Yb3+ ions were fabricated in this work. High △T (178–214 °C) value demonstrated that the thermal stability of the prepared glasses were better than tellurite and germanate glasses. X-ray di?raction (XRD) curves proved the amorphous nature of the glasses, the energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) analysis and Fourier Transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) curves explored the network structure of glasses. The photoluminescence excitation (PLE) and photoluminescence emission (PL) spectra show that the glasses absorption peaks located at 430 nm (Cr3+:4A2g - 4T1g (P)) and 627 nm (Cr3+:4A2g - 4T2g), while the emission peak close to 1010 nm (Yb3+:2F5/2 -2F7/2), which meets the condition of energy down-conversion. Besides, the energy transfer e?ciency (ηCET = 33.5%) and the quantum cutting e?ciency (ηQE = 133.5%) were calculated from the measured decay curves. These values were higher than Cr3+/Yb3+ co-doped ?uorosilicate glass with incorporating of CaF2 (21.5% and 123.5%) and Tb3+/Yb3+ oxy?uoride glass (13.5% and 113.5%), indicating the prepared samples are conducive to the energy transfer from Cr3+ to Yb3+ ions. The experimental results reveal that the oxy?uoride silicate glasses have potential application prospects in crystalline silicon (c-Si) solar cells.
关键词： Oxy?uoride silicate glasses,Melt-quenching method,Down-conversion and near-infrared luminescence emission,Crystalline silicon (c-Si) solar cells
更新于2025-09-19 17:13:59