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Rapid quantification of clove (Syzygium aromaticum) and spearmint (Mentha spicata) essential oils encapsulated in a complex organic matrix using an ATR-FTIR spectroscopic method
摘要： Essential oils (EOs) are often encapsulated in various and complex matrices to protect them against potential degradation or to control their release. To achieve an optimum use in food products, their rapid and precise quantification after encapsulation and storage is required. Hence, a rapid ATR-FTIR method was developed and tested with two encapsulated essential oils (EOs): clove (Syzygium aromaticum) and spearmint (Mentha spicata);. Despite, the complexity of the matrix, this method coupled with univariate or multivariate regression models exhibited high potential for global quantification of the two encapsulated EOs. For clove EO, in relation to the major presence of eugenol and eugenol acetate, an analysis based on a unique band (1514 cm-1) was sufficient to obtain a good prediction with RMSEP value of 0.0173 g of EO per g of matrix. For spearmint oil which is characterized by numerous terpenoid compound, three bands (799, 885, and 1680–1676 cm-1) were suitable for a good prediction with RMSEP value of 0.0133. ATR-FTIR method was compared with a reference gas chromatography FID quantitative method in an EO release experiment and its efficiency was evaluated through modeling by the Avrami equation. Beside time saving, the ATR-FTIR method was also capable of monitoring the EO profile. This method could be easily adapted as a routine analysis in the EOs industry as quality control.
关键词： Encapsulation,ATR-FTIR,Spearmint,Essential oils,Quantification,Clove
更新于2025-09-23 15:21:21
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[SpringerBriefs in Applied Sciences and Technology] Air-Stable Inverted Organic Light-Emitting Diodes ||
摘要： We introduce the importance of air stability on the basis of the principles and the history of organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs), and the way of realising air-stable OLEDs finally. OLEDs are current-driven self-emitting devices that, in principle, have the features of lightness and thinness. Therefore OLEDs are expected to have unprecedented flexibility. However, it is difficult to achieve air stability in OLEDs, which is the key property for the realisation of flexible devices, because it has been essential to use air-active materials in consideration of the operational mechanism.
关键词： organic electronics,air stability,OLEDs,encapsulation,flexibility
更新于2025-09-23 15:21:01
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Photodynamic application of protoporphyrin IX as a photosensitizer encapsulated by silica nanoparticles
摘要： Background: Achieved Silica Nanoparticles (SiNPs) to encapsulate the photosensitizer [Protoporphyrin IX (PpIX)] in photodynamic therapy (PDT) application was reported in this research. Materials and Methods: Cytotoxicity for five different concentrations of encapsulated and naked PpIX was measured. Optimum concentration and optimum exposure time of encapsulated and naked PpIX that needed to destroy the cells (Osteosarcoma cells) was measured. Results: The results showed that the encapsulated PpIX has more efficacy compared to the naked PpIX and the applicability of the encapsulated PpIX-SiNPs was proved on osteosarcoma cells. Conclusion: The results established the important in-vitro photodynamic effectiveness of PpIX-SiNP, which may open a new application for PpIX in its clinical and in-vitro studies.
关键词： encapsulation,osteosarcoma cells,protoporphyrin IX,silica nanoparticles,Photodynamic therapy
更新于2025-09-23 15:21:01
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Light-Induced Sulfur Transport inside Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes
摘要： Filling of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) and extraction of the encapsulated species from their cavities are perspective treatments for tuning the functional properties of SWCNT-based materials. Here, we have investigated sulfur-modified SWCNTs synthesized by the ampoule method. The morphology and chemical states of carbon and sulfur were analyzed by transmission electron microscopy, Raman scattering, thermogravimetric analysis, X-ray photoelectron and near-edge X-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopies. Successful encapsulation of sulfur inside SWCNTs cavities was demonstrated. The peculiarities of interactions of SWCNTs with encapsulated and external sulfur species were analyzed in details. In particular, the donor–acceptor interaction between encapsulated sulfur and host SWCNT is experimentally demonstrated. The sulfur-filled SWCNTs were continuously irradiated in situ with polychromatic photon beam of high intensity. Comparison of X-ray spectra of the samples before and after the treatment revealed sulfur transport from the interior to the surface of SWCNTs bundles, in particular extraction of sulfur from the SWCNT cavity. These results show that the moderate heating of filled nanotubes could be used to de-encapsulate the guest species tuning the local composition, and hence, the functional properties of SWCNT-based materials.
关键词： X-Ray spectroscopy,encapsulation,illumination,single-walled carbon nanotubes,sulfur,de-encapsulation
更新于2025-09-23 15:19:57
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Recent progress in encapsulation strategies to enhance the stability of organometal halide perovskite solar cells
摘要： Organometal halide perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have emerged as promising candidates for next-generation thin-film solar cells. Over the past ten years, the efficiency of PSCs has increased from 3.8% to over 25% through the optimization of perovskite film formulation and the engineering of suitable fabrication strategies and device architectures. However, the relatively poor long-term device stability, which has not been able to exceed some hundreds of hours until now, represents one of the key aspects still hampering their widespread diffusion to commercial contexts. After briefly introducing the origin and basic mechanisms behind PSC degradation and performance decline, a systematic outline and classification of the available strategies to improve the long-term stability of this class of photovoltaic devices will be presented, mainly focusing on encapsulation procedures. Indeed, the aim of this review is to offer an in-depth and updated account of the existing encapsulation methods for PSCs according to the present understanding of reliability issues. More specifically, an analysis of currently available encapsulation materials and on their role in limiting the penetration of UV light and external agents, such as water vapour and oxygen, will be proposed. In addition, a thorough discussion on various encapsulation techniques and configurations will be presented, highlighting specific strengths and limitations of the different approaches. Finally, possible routes for future research to enhance the effectiveness of the most performing encapsulation procedures will be suggested and new paths to be explored for further improvements in the field will be proposed.
关键词： perovskite solar cells,long-term stability,encapsulation
更新于2025-09-23 15:19:57
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Atomic Layer Deposition Assisted Encapsulation of Quantum Dot Luminescent Microspheres toward Display Applications
摘要： Quantum dots (QDs) are promising for being used in advanced displays due to their outstanding emission properties. Herein, a novel encapsulation method for QDs is reported and ultra-stable QDs@SiO2@Al2O3 luminescent microspheres (QLuMiS) are obtained by combining a sol–gel method for the intermediate SiO2 layer with a fluidized powder atomic layer deposition (ALD) for the outer Al2O3 layer. The rich hydroxyl coverage on the QDs@SiO2 surface provides abundant chemisorption sites, which are beneficial for the deposition of Al2O3 in the ALD process. Simultaneously, the water-oxygen channels in the SiO2 layer are blocked by the Al2O3 layer, which protects the QDs against deterioration. Consequently, the QLuMiS exhibit an excellent stability with 86% of the initial light conversion efficiency after 1000 h of blue light aging under a light power density of 2000 mW cm?2. Such stability is significantly better than that of QDs@Al2O3 and QDs@SiO2 samples. Moreover, under this strong irradiation aging condition with blue light, the extrapolated lifetime (L50) of QLuMiS is 4969 h, which is ten times longer than that of QDs@SiO2 and is the best record as far as is known. Finally, a prototype of a QLuMiS-based cell-phone screen with a wide color gamut of 115% NTSC is demonstrated.
关键词： luminescent microspheres,quantum dots,atomic layer deposition,encapsulation
更新于2025-09-23 15:19:57
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[IEEE 2019 IEEE 46th Photovoltaic Specialists Conference (PVSC) - Chicago, IL, USA (2019.6.16-2019.6.21)] 2019 IEEE 46th Photovoltaic Specialists Conference (PVSC) - Progress Towards a Non-Lamination Encapsulation Technology to Improve Reliability and Reduce Costs
摘要： New solar module architectures and manufacturing technologies are being developed that significantly reduce manufacturing costs and improve reliability. Variants for both crystalline silicon and thin film devices are being optimized. The outcome of this ongoing program will be a new module designs, streamlined manufacturing processes and accelerated stress results showing improved reliability. Prototype encapsulation process will demonstrate cycle time under 1 minute compared to the current industry method of vacuum lamination which takes more than 10 minutes. The new technology will significantly lower manufacturing costs, process time and reduce capital expenditures by approximately 3-5 times
关键词： encapsulation,lamination,bifacial modules,module reliability
更新于2025-09-23 15:19:57
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Characterization of Nanoencapsulated Food Ingredients || Confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) of nanoencapsulated food ingredients
摘要： Encapsulation is a process of entrapping bioactive compounds (e.g., antioxidants, antimicrobials, essential fatty acids, probiotics, vitamins, etc.) within a protecting wall material such as lipid-based or biopolymeric carriers. Encapsulation can help to enhance the stability and bioaccessibility as well as controlled release of bioactive materials and mask unwanted properties of encapsulated ingredients. Nanoparticles have a diameter range from 0.1 nm to 1 μm and show great potential to develop new products and applications in food and packaging industries. The performance of nanocarriers formed by encapsulation processes fundamentally depends on various technical aspects such as carrier wall thickness, morphology, and quality. Therefore, measuring and monitoring of coating thickness and morphology of the nanocarriers is an essential process to control the nanoencapsulation procedure. An excessively thick coating layer would lead to delayed release of bioactive materials, increase of coating time, and consequently, encapsulation costs, while an excessively thin capsule would cause interruption in the release and stability of nanoparticles. Spectroscopic and microscopic techniques are important tools for analyzing the morphology, structure, and coating thickness of nanoparticles. Different electron microscopies have been introduced to investigate nano- and micro-carriers. Scanning electronic microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), near-IR spectra, laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS), and confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) are some of these light and microscopic methods.
关键词： Encapsulation,Nanoencapsulated food ingredients,Confocal laser scanning microscopy,Bioactive compounds,Nanoparticles
更新于2025-09-23 15:19:57
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A Novel Profiled Multi-Pin Electrospinning System for Nanofiber Production and Encapsulation of Nanoparticles into Nanofibers
摘要： Electrospinning with various machine configurations is being used to produce polymer nanofibers with different rates of output. The use of polymers with high viscosity and the encapsulation of nanoparticles for achieving functionalities are some of the limitations of the existing methods. A profiled multi-pin electrospinning (PMES) setup is demonstrated in this work that overcomes the limitations in the needle and needleless electrospinning like needle clogging, particle settling, and uncontrolled/uneven Taylor cone formation, the requirement of very high voltage and uncontrolled distribution of nanoparticles in nanofibers. The key feature of the current setup is the use of profiled pin arrangement that aids in the formation of spherical shape polymer droplet and hence ensures uniform Taylor cone formation throughout the fiber production process. With a 10 wt% of Polyvinyl Alcohol (PVA) polymer solution and at an applied voltage of 30 kV, the production rate was observed as 1.690 g/h and average fiber diameter obtained was 160.5 ± 48.9 nm for PVA and 124.9 ± 49.8 nm for Cellulose acetate (CA) respectively. Moreover, the setup also provides the added advantage of using high viscosity polymer solutions in electrospinning. This approach is expected to increase the range of multifunctional electrospun nanofiber applications.
关键词： Polymer,Nanoparticles,Electrospinning,Nanofibers,Encapsulation
更新于2025-09-23 15:19:57
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Design of ultrathin OLEDs having oxide-based transparent electrodes and encapsulation with sub-mm bending radius
摘要： Highly flexible ultrathin organic light emitting diodes (OLEDs) hold vast potential as light sources particularly for wearable and imperceptible electronics. Most of the work demonstrated to date for highly flexible OLEDs, however, has relied on non-conventional transparent conductors such as conjugated polymers and has had no proper encapsulation or, if any, simple polymer-based encapsulation. We here demonstrate OLEDs that can be bent at a sub-mm radius even with conventional transparent conductive oxides (TCOs) and full encapsulation based on a multilayer gas barrier containing aluminum oxides, both of which are prone to strain-induced fracture. We realize such a small bending radius not only by adopting ultrathin substrates but also by exploiting the beneficial neutral plane shift toward the top of substrates identified in a system consisting of a ultrathin substrate and a multilayer device structure on its top. The proposed OLEDs exhibit stable performance after 1,000 bending iterations even at a bending radius far smaller than 1 mm and show similar reliability to that of glass-based reference devices even after two weeks in the acceleration test chamber.
关键词： Transparent conductive oxides,Ultrathin OLEDs,Multilayer encapsulation,Crack-onset strain,Neutral plane shift
更新于2025-09-23 15:19:57