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Graphene-Incorporated Soft Capacitor for Mechanically-Adjustable Electro-Optic Modulators
摘要： In addition to ultra-high capacity and speed in data management, future communication networks require enhanced performance via system reconfigurability under limited resources. Extremely high-speed operation renders optical data managing devices as excellent candidates to hybridize with current electronic devices; however, they still need tunability for system reconfiguration in an integrated scheme. We demonstrate an efficient electro-optic (EO) modulator that is mechanically tunable on a multiple optical waveguide system functioned with a soft capacitor structure incorporating graphene and poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA). The flexible capacitor that generates optical signals by temporal light absorption depending on electrical signals can be mechanically detached and re-attached from and onto a rigid surface of the waveguide. It provides either the on or off state of the modulating operation, and enables switching of the working waveguides following the reconfigured data routes. Quality-controlled graphene mainly provides the EO operation, and PMMA plays an important role as both the flexible dielectric layer in the capacitor and the passivation layer for graphene protection. The modulation effects of the manually prepared graphene-PMMA capacitor mechanically adjusted onto a side-polished optical fiber (D-shaped fiber) are investigated in terms of the extinction ratio (ER) of the transmitting light and the operational bandwidth. We successfully display an ER of the modulator up to 19.8 dB with a voltage control ranging from -50 V to 50 V. Its stable operation is verified with a modulation speed up to 2.5 MHz.
关键词： electro-optic modulator,mechanical tuning,graphene,tunable modulator,soft material
更新于2025-11-28 14:24:03
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Integrated electro-optic modulators in x-cut lithium niobate thin film
摘要： Integrated optics is poised to revolutionize several data communication applications. The development of high performance electro-optic modulators is essential for the technology to be viable. In this paper, single-mode electro-optic modulators in x-cut lithium niobate thin film are designed, simulated, and analyzed. The single-mode conditions of lithium niobate ridge waveguides are analyzed in detail. The design parameters of Y-branch and separation distances between electrodes and ridge waveguides are optimized. The half-wave voltage of the electro-optic modulator with device lengths of 10 mm is determined. The half-wave voltage-length product is about 2.2 V·cm, indicating the efficient electric-optical modulation. This study is helpful for understand of electro-optic modulator structures in lithium niobate thin film, as well as for the fabrication of high-performance and multifunctional electro-optic modulation devices.
关键词： Electro-optic modulator,Lithium niobate thin film,Waveguide devices,Integrated optics
更新于2025-09-23 15:21:01
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Hybrid Graphene-Silicon Based Polarization-Insensitive Electro-Absorption Modulator with High-Modulation Efficiency and Ultra-Broad Bandwidth
摘要： Polarization-insensitive modulation, i.e., overcoming the limit of conventional modulators operating under only a single-polarization state, is desirable for high-capacity on-chip optical interconnects. Here, we propose a hybrid graphene-silicon-based polarization-insensitive electro-absorption modulator (EAM) with high-modulation efficiency and ultra-broad bandwidth. The hybrid graphene-silicon waveguide is formed by leveraging multi-deposited and multi-transferred methods to enable light interaction with graphene layers in its intense field distribution region instead of the commonly used weak cladding region, thus resulting in enhanced light–graphene interaction. By optimizing the dimensions of all hybrid graphene-silicon waveguide layers, polarization-insensitive modulation is achieved with a modulation efficiency (ME) of ~1.11 dB/μm for both polarizations (ME discrepancy < 0.006 dB/μm), which outperforms that of previous reports. Based on this excellent modulation performance, we designed a hybrid graphene-silicon-based EAM with a length of only 20 μm. The modulation depth (MD) and insertion loss obtained were higher than 22 dB and lower than 0.23 dB at 1.55 μm, respectively, for both polarizations. Meanwhile, its allowable bandwidth can exceed 300 nm by keeping MD more than 20 dB and MD discrepancy less than 2 dB, simultaneously, and its electrical properties were also analyzed. Therefore, the proposed device can be applied in on-chip optical interconnects.
关键词： integrated optical devices,electro-optic modulator,silicon photonics,graphene
更新于2025-09-19 17:15:36
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Hybrid photonic-plasmonic electro-optic modulator for optical ring network-on-chip
摘要： One of the most essential components in an optical network-on-chip (ONoC) is the electro-optic modulator. Mach-Zehnder and micro-ring resonator electro-optic modulators are widely used in ONoC, and conventional silicon-based modulators have large footprints and low modulation rates and lack thermal stability. In this paper, a new electro-optic modulator based on surface plasmon polariton (SPP) is proposed, and indium tin oxide (ITO) is utilized as a conducting transparent oxide (TCO) material in the electro-optic modulator. The modulated optical signal is suitable for ONoC with architectures such as optical ring network-on-chip (ORNoC). When the wavelength is 1550 nm, the average coupling efficiency is over 70%, the extinction ratio of the electro-optic modulator is -14.1 dB, and the insertion loss is 2.1 dB. In addition, the size of the modulator is less than 8.50 μm×1.6 μm, and the modulation operating bandwidth is up to 0.7171 Tbit/S. When the wave division multiplex (WDM) mode is used, the operating bandwidth is up to 2.1 Tbit/S, and the energy consumption per bit (E) is 5.7211 fJ/bit. All of the above results were obtained from 3D-FDTD Simulation Software and MATLAB.
关键词： electro-optic modulator,ORNoC,optical network-on-chip,transparent conductive oxide,surface plasmon polaritons
更新于2025-09-19 17:13:59
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Silicon p-n-Diode Based Electro-Optic Modulators
摘要： A method for forming p–n-diode based silicon electro-optic modulators using local oxidation is tested. It is shown that the local oxidation of silicon allows forming a rib waveguide as a smoothed trapezoid, in contrast to the classical technique of creating a rib waveguide by plasma-chemical etching. The main advantages of the approach used are described: controllability and reproducibility of critical design parameters of the modulators (width and height of the waveguide rib), low surface roughness, and the possibility of using approaches to forming a modulating p–n-diode of combined type in a rib waveguide, which are standard for planar technologies.
关键词： silicon-on-insulator,electro-optic modulator,waveguide
更新于2025-09-19 17:13:59
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[IEEE 2019 Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics Europe & European Quantum Electronics Conference (CLEO/Europe-EQEC) - Munich, Germany (2019.6.23-2019.6.27)] 2019 Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics Europe & European Quantum Electronics Conference (CLEO/Europe-EQEC) - Wideband Graphene Electro-Optic Modulator on 1D Photonic Crystal Cavity
摘要： Since the isolation of graphene monolayers in 2004, attention has turned to embedding this 2D material into optical components such as modulators, frequency convertors and optical clocks. Indeed, graphene exhibits some remarkable optical properties such as wideband optical absorption in both normal-incidence (free-space applications) and grazing-incidence (waveguide based applications), intrinsic supporting of surface plasmon polariton (SPP) waves, and a full catalogue of non-linear optical behaviors including saturable absorption and multiple-photon mixing phenomena. These optical properties can be activated and deactivated for a given free space wavelength by “doping” graphene using the same gating techniques developed for solid state electronics; for example, in the case of absorption modulation, one must shift the Fermi level such that its separation from the Dirac point in energy (called the chemical potential) is equal to at least half the photon energy in order to render graphene transparent. Nonetheless, as an atomically thin monolayer, graphene’s limited interaction with light in free space restricts its absorption to 2.3% across a wide spectral range for undoped samples.
关键词： electro-optic modulator,graphene,wideband,photonic crystal cavity
更新于2025-09-16 10:30:52
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A Lateral MOS-Capacitor Enabled ITO Mach-Zehnder Modulator for Beam Steering
摘要： Here, we experimentally demonstrate an Indium Tin Oxide (ITO) Mach-Zehnder interferometer heterogeneously integrated in silicon photonics. The phase shifter section is realized in a novel lateral MOS configuration, which, due to favorable electrostatic overlap, leads to efficient modulation (VπL = 63 V.μm). This is achieved by (i) selecting a strong index changing material (ITO) and (ii) improving the field-overlap as verified by the electrostatic field lines. Furthermore, we show that this platform serves as a building block in an end-fire silicon photonics optical phased array (OPA) with a half-wavelength pitch within the waveguides with anticipated performance, including narrow main beam lobe (<3°) and >10 dB suppression of the side lobes, while electrostatically steering the emission profile up to ±80°, and if further engineered, can lead not only towards nanosecond-fast beam steering capabilities in LiDAR systems but also in holographic display, free-space optical communications, and optical switches.
关键词： Electro-optic Modulator,Indium Tin Oxide (ITO),Phased Arrays,LiDAR,Mach Zehnder,Beam Steering
更新于2025-09-16 10:30:52
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Modeling and Analysis of the Electro-Optic Modulator With Alignment Errors
摘要： Electro-optic modulators have enabled a wide range of emerging applications that place greater demands on the alignment of the modulators. In this paper, for the ?rst time to the best of our knowledge, we construct a theoretical model to describe the electro-optic modulator with alignment errors, which helps us to quantitatively analyze the distribution characteristics of the exiting intensity of the electro-optic modulator under different alignment errors and different applied voltages. The alignment errors in the theoretical model are divided into three kinds, namely, the horizontal error, the vertical error, and the rotation error. The theoretical results show that the model and the distribution characteristics of the exiting intensity are useful to align the electro-optic modulator precisely in practical applications. Furthermore, an experimental setup is proposed to align the electro-optic modulator based on a lithium niobite crystal and to verify the correctness of the model presented in this paper. An excellent agreement is found between the theoretical results and the experimental results.
关键词： Electro-optic modulator,alignment error,polarization ray tracing
更新于2025-09-16 10:30:52
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Recent Progress in Waveguide-Integrated Graphene Photonic Devices for Sensing and Communication Applications
摘要： Graphene is a two-dimensional material with numerous intriguing optical properties, such that graphene photonic devices have attracted great interest for sensing and communication applications. However, surface-illuminated graphene photonic devices usually suffer from weak light-matter interactions due to the atomic-layer thickness of graphene, seriously limiting the performances of such devices. To tackle this problem, waveguide-integrated graphene photonic devices have been demonstrated since 2010, which offer the advantage of much longer interaction length between the evanescent field of the optical waveguide and graphene than the surface-illuminated devices. Moreover, the fabrication of waveguide-integrated graphene photonic devices is compatible with CMOS technology, allowing potentially low-cost and high-density on-chip integration. To date, a tremendous interest is growing in the hybrid integration platform composed of graphene and silicon photonic integrated circuits. In this paper, we review the recent progress in waveguide-integrated graphene photonic devices and their applications in sensing and communication.
关键词： electro-optic modulator,saturable absorption,graphene,photodetector,silicon photonics
更新于2025-09-16 10:30:52
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[IEEE 2019 Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics Europe & European Quantum Electronics Conference (CLEO/Europe-EQEC) - Munich, Germany (2019.6.23-2019.6.27)] 2019 Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics Europe & European Quantum Electronics Conference (CLEO/Europe-EQEC) - Effect of Polarization Modulation on the Stability of a 1.5 μm Laser Locked to a Libre Cavity
摘要： We analyse limitations introduced by a fibre connectorised Lithium-Niobate electro-optic modulator which modulates the beam of a1.5 μm laser for frequency lock onto one mode of a fibre cavity. It is shown that the ellipticity and/or misalignment of the input polarization with the main axes of the modulator leads to a modulation of the output polarization. This results in two effects on the signal detected at the cavity output: an offset due to residual amplitude modulation (RAM) and a distortion due to the slight birefringence presented by the cavity. Both effects limit the stability of the frequency lock.
关键词： laser stability,electro-optic modulator,fibre cavity,polarization modulation,birefringence
更新于2025-09-12 10:27:22